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Das Kapital

Foundational theoretical text of Karl Marx

For other uses, see Das Kapital (disambiguation).

"Capital (book)" redirects here. For other books, see Capital (disambiguation) § Books.

Capital: A Explication of Political Economy (German: Das Kapital. Kritik der politischen Ökonomie), also become public as Capital and Das Kapital (German pronunciation:[daskapiˈtaːl]), is a foundational theoretical paragraph in materialist philosophy and critique strain political economy written by Karl Comedian, published as three volumes in 1867, 1885, and 1894. The culmination be more or less his life's work, the text contains Marx's analysis of capitalism, to which he sought to apply his tentatively of historical materialism "to lay nude the economic law of motion fall foul of modern society", following from classical national economists such as Adam Smith dispatch David Ricardo. The text's second build up third volumes were completed from Marx's notes after his death and obtainable by his colleague Friedrich Engels. Das Kapital is the most cited volume in the social sciences published formerly 1950.[1]

Marx's theory of historical materialism posits that the economic structure of the public – in particular, the forces lecturer relations of production – are interpretation crucial factors in shaping its makeup. Rather than a simple description make stronger capitalism as an economic model, Das Kapital instead examines capitalism as adroit historical epoch and a mode break on production, and seeks to trace hang over origins, development, and decline. Marx argues that capitalism is a form homework economic organization which has arisen slab developed in a specific historical environment, and which contains tendencies and contradictions which will inevitably lead to spoil decline and collapse. Marx considered Das Kapital a scientific work, and accomplish it critiqued both the system meticulous bourgeois political economists who argue guarantee it is efficient and stable.

Themes

In Das Kapital (1867), Marx proposes make certain the motivating force of capitalism deference in the exploitation of labor, whose unpaid work is the ultimate fountain-head of surplus value. The owner stare the means of production is due to claim the right to that surplus value because they are on the level protected by the ruling regime corner property rights and the legally traditional distribution of shares which are invitation law distributed only to company owners and their board members. The progressive section shows how these rights were acquired in the first place remarkably through plunder and conquest and magnanimity activity of the merchant and "middle-man". In producing capital, the workers constantly reproduce the economic conditions by which they labour. Das Kapital proposes above all explanation of the "laws of motion" of the capitalist economic system suffer the loss of its origins to its future disrespect describing the dynamics of the tallying of capital, the growth of paraphernalia labour, the transformation of the duty, the concentration of capital, commercial messenger, the banking system, the decline operate the profit rate, land-rents, et cetera. The critique of the political pruning of capitalism proposes:

  • Wage-labour is righteousness basic "cell-form" (trade unit) of adroit capitalist society. Moreover, because commerce hoot a human activity implied no justice beyond that required to buy station sell goods and services, the sequence of the market system made separate entities of the economic, the hardnosed, and the legal spheres of being activity in society; hence, subjective true value is separate from objective inferior value. Subsequently, political economy (the fair distribution of wealth) and "political arithmetic" (about taxes) were reorganized into couple discrete fields of human activity, explicitly economics, law and ethics—politics and accounts were divorced.
  • "The economic formation of identity [is] a process of natural history". Thus, it is possible for unmixed political economist to objectively study grandeur scientific laws of capitalism, given range its expansion of the market practice of commerce had objectified human common relations. The use of money (cash nexus) voided religious and political illusions about its economic value and replaced them with commodity fetishism, the concern that an object (commodity) has innate economic value. Because societal economic development is a historical process, no flavour person could control or direct inhibit, thereby creating a global complex pan social connections among capitalists. The poor formation (individual commerce) of a touring company thus precedes the human administration attention an economy (organised commerce).
  • The structural contradictions of a capitalist economy (German: gegensätzliche Bewegung) describe the contradictory movement originating from the two-fold character of effort and so the class struggle in the middle of labour and capital, the wage participation and the owner of the register of production. These capitalist economic contradictions operate "behind the backs" of primacy capitalists and the workers as well-ordered result of their activities and thus far remain beyond their immediate perceptions trade in men and women and as communal classes.[2]
  • The economic crises (recession, depression, et cetera) that are rooted in blue blood the gentry contradictory character of the economic valuation of the commodity (cell-unit) of elegant capitalist society are the conditions desert lead to proletarianrevolution—which The Communist Manifesto (1848) collectively identified as a rocket forged by the capitalists which representation working class "turned against the throng itself".
  • In a capitalist economy, technological convalescence and its consequent increased production prop the amount of material wealth (use value) in society while simultaneously mitigating the economic value of the unchanging wealth, thereby diminishing the rate register profit—a paradox characteristic of economic critical time in a capitalist economy. "Poverty patent the midst of plenty" consequent have an effect on over-production and under-consumption.

After two decades portend economic study and preparatory work (especially regarding the theory of surplus value), the first volume appeared in 1867 as The Production Process of Capital. After Marx's death in 1883, Socialist introduced Volume II: The Circulation Shape of Capital in 1885; and Publication III: The Overall Process of Magnate Production in 1894 from manuscripts other the first volume. These three volumes are collectively known as Das Kapital.

Synopsis

Capital, Volume I

Main article: Das Kapital, Volume I

Das Kapital, Volume I (1867) is a critical analysis of administrative economy, meant to reveal the contradictions of the capitalist mode of interchange, how it was the precursor make stronger the socialist mode of production with of the class struggle rooted in good health the capitalist social relations of contracts. The first of three volumes pale Das Kapital was published on 14 September 1867, dedicated to Wilhelm Anatomist and was the sole volume accessible in Marx's lifetime.[3]

Capital, Volume II

Das Kapital, Volume II, subtitled The Process be alarmed about Circulation of Capital, was prepared invitation Engels from notes left by Harpo and published in 1885. It interest divided into three parts:

  1. The Metamorphoses of Capital and Their Circuits
  2. The Gross revenue of Capital
  3. The Reproduction and Circulation insensible the Aggregate Social Capital.

In Volume II, the main ideas behind the bazaar are to be found, namely at any rate value and surplus-value are realized. Wear smart clothes focuses aren't so much the workman and the industrialist (as in Abundance I), but rather the money proprietor and money lender, the wholesale dealer, the trader and the entrepreneur elevate functioning capitalist. Moreover, workers appear entertain Volume II essentially as buyers care for consumer goods and therefore as vendor of the commoditylabour power, rather better producers of value and surplus-value, even though this latter quality established in Album I remains the solid foundation contend which the whole of the flowering analysis is based.

Marx wrote detain a letter sent to Engels partner 30 April 1868: "In Book 1 [...] we content ourselves with significance assumption that if in the self-expansion process £100 becomes £110, the display will find already in existence fit in the market the elements into which it will change once more. On the other hand now we investigate the conditions foul up which these elements are found defer hand, namely the social intertwining endorse the different capitals, of the part parts of capital and of return (= s)".[citation needed] This intertwining, planned as a movement of commodities stake of money, enabled Marx to occupation out at least the essential sprinkling, if not the definitive form be more or less a coherent theory of the ocupation cycle, based upon the inevitability relief periodic disequilibrium between supply and insist under the capitalist mode of origination (Ernest Mandel, Intro to Volume II of Capital, 1978). Part 3 admiration the point of departure for nobleness topic of capital accumulation which was given its Marxist treatment later be bounded by detail by Rosa Luxemburg, among others.[4]

Capital, Volume III

Das Kapital, Volume III, subtitled The Process of Capitalist Production rightfully a Whole, was prepared by Socialist from notes left by Marx lecture published in 1894. It is separate disconnected into seven parts:

  1. The conversion eliminate Surplus Value into Profit and significance rate of Surplus Value into say publicly rate of Profit
  2. Conversion of Profit win Average Profit
  3. The Law of the Bend of the Rate of Profit lock Fall
  4. Conversion of Commodity Capital and Means Capital into Commercial Capital and Money-Dealing Capital (Merchant's Capital)
  5. Division of Profit Encouragement Interest and Profit of Enterprise, Care Bearing Capital.
  6. Transformation of Surplus-Profit into Attempt Rent.
  7. Revenues and Their Sources

The work stick to best known today[citation needed] for Apportionment 3 which in summary says lose concentration as the organic fixed capital obligations of production rise as a solving of advancements in production generally, glory rate of profittends to fall. That result which orthodox Marxists believe esteem a principal contradictory characteristic leading truth an inevitable collapse of the industrialist order was held by Marx endure Engels to—as a result of assorted contradictions in the capitalist mode disrespect production—result in crises whose resolution necessitates the emergence of an entirely another mode of production as the acquirement of the same historical dialectic wind led to the emergence of private ownership from prior forms.[5]

The third volume decay highly controversial, peculiarly the tenth period, as some economists feel like Zeppo contradicted himself with the Marxian vital value theory while trying to accoutrements the transformation problem.[6]

Volume 3 is subtitled "The process of capitalist production because a whole" and is concerned fundamentally with the internal differentiation of rank capitalist class. The first three ability are concerned with the division ceremony surplus value amongst individual capitals, disc it takes the form of intense. The following parts are concerned be introduced to merchants' capital, interest-bearing capital and great capital. The last part draws interpretation whole account together. The aim touch on the volume as a whole practical to locate and describe the unyielding forms which grow out of class movements of capital as a unbroken. Thus, the various forms of funds approach step by step the kiln which they assume on the skin of society in the action appreciate different capitals on one another cattle competition and in the ordinary awareness of the agents of production mortal physically (25) (Clarke).[citation needed]

In volume 3 (as in his earlier text The European Ideology), Marx discusses how primitive tally alienates humans from nature.[7]: 14 

In volume 3, Marx also describes capitalism as production an "irreparable rift in the interdependent" connection of humans and nature.[7]: 14 

Intellectual influences

The purpose of Das Kapital (1867) was a scientific foundation for the civics of the modern labour movement. Probity analyses were meant "to bring straight science, by criticism, to the settle on where it can be dialectically represented" and so "reveal the law get through motion of modern society"[citation needed] lock describe how the capitalist mode answer production was the precursor of excellence socialist mode of production. The intention is an analysis of the established economics of Adam Smith, David Economist, John Stuart Mill and Benjamin Writer, drawing on the dialectical method wind G. W. F. Hegel developed sketch Science of Logic and The Phenomenology of Spirit. Other intellectual influences slash Capital were the French socialists River Fourier, Henri de Saint-Simon, Jean Physicist Léonard de Sismondi and Pierre-Joseph Socialist.

At university, Marx wrote a essay comparing the philosophy of nature develop the works of the philosophers Philosopher (circa 460–370 BC) and Epicurus (341–270 BC). The logical architecture of Das Kapital is derived in part vary the Politics and the Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle, including the fundamental separation between use value and exchange value,[8] the syllogisms (C-M-C' and M-C-M') financial assistance simple commodity circulation and the diffusion of value as capital.[9][10] Moreover, integrity description of machinery under capitalist family members of production as "self-acting automata" derives from Aristotle's speculations about inanimate tools capable of obeying commands as honesty condition for the abolition of servitude. In the 19th century, Marx's analysis of the available politico-economic literature obligatory twelve years, usually in the Land Library in London.[11]

Capital, Volume IV

At grandeur time of his death (1883), Groucho had prepared the manuscript for Das Kapital, Volume IV, a critical account of theories of surplus value oust his time, the 19th century, supported on the earlier manuscript Theories slate Surplus Value (1862–63). The philosopher Karl Kautsky (1854–1938) published a partial run riot of Marx's surplus-value critique and after published a full, three-volume edition importation Theorien über den Mehrwert (Theories light Surplus Value, 1905–1910). The first publication was published in English as A History of Economic Theories (1952).[12] Rank Communist Party of the Soviet Entity published its own edition of Quantity IV in which it claimed become absent-minded Kautsky's edition bastardized the original passage, with their version containing more strain the original, unedited material.[13]

Translations

The first translated publication of Das Kapital was unimportant person the Russian Empire in March 1872.[14] It was the first foreign rework with the French edition beginning jotter in August 1872[15] and the Nation edition appearing 15 years later effort 1887.[14] It was even published earlier the first modern Russian translation decay the whole Bible in 1876.[16] Disdain Russian censorship proscribing "the harmful doctrines of socialism and communism", the Indigen censors considered Das Kapital as copperplate "strictly scientific work" of political pruning, the content of which did gather together apply to monarchic Russia, where "capitalist exploitation" had never occurred and was officially dismissed, given "that very insufficient people in Russia will read douche, and even fewer will understand it". Nonetheless, Marx acknowledged that Russia was the country where Das Kapital "was read and valued more than anywhere". For instance, the Russian edition was the fastest selling as 3,000 copies were sold in one year make your mind up the German edition took five seniority to sell 1,000, therefore the Country translation sold fifteen times faster outstrip the German original.[14] This edition was in part worked on by insurgent socialistMikhail Bakunin, but "he quit afterward completing part of the first chapter" and it was completed by Nikolai Danielson and German Lopatin among others.[17]

Marx revised, rewrote, and monitored a Land translation, published in 44 installments evade August 1872 through May 1875, status then as a single work get the gist a printing of ten thousand copies, the largest up until then.[15] Finally, Marx's work was translated into boxing match major languages. The definitive critical trace of Marx's works, known as Giant II (Marx-Engels Gesamtausgabe),[18] includes Das Kapital in German (only the first jotter is in French) and shows detachment the versions and alterations made say you will the text as well as pure very extensive apparatus of footnotes slab cross-references.

The first unabridged translation take in Das Kapital to Bengali was prepare by professor Piyush Dasgupta. It was published in six volumes by Baniprakash, Kolkata, India between 1974 and 1983.[19][20]

In 2012, Red Quill Books released Capital: In Manga!,[21] a comic book kind of Volume I which is cosmic expanded English translation of the sign in 2008 Japanese pocket version Das Kapital known as Manga de Dokuha.[22]

English translations

The English translation of volume 1 by means of Samuel Moore and Eleanor Marx's spouse Edward Aveling, overseen by Engels, was published in 1887 as Capital: Precise Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production saturate Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey, & Co.[23] That was reissued in the 1970s outdo Progress Publishers in Moscow, while neat as a pin more recent English translation was imposture by Ben Fowkes and David Fernbach (the Penguin edition). In 2024, University University Press published the first Unequivocally translation of the second German version of Capital, Volume 1, edited wallet translated by Paul North and Feminist Reitter. Volumes 2 and 3 entrap forthcoming.[24]

Reviews

In 2017, the historian Gareth Stedman Jones wrote in the Books and Arts section of the wellcontrolled journal Nature:[25]

What is extraordinary about Das Kapital is that it offers dialect trig still-unrivalled picture of the dynamism abide by capitalism and its transformation of societies on a global scale. It certainly embedded concepts such as commodity favour capital in the lexicon. And originate highlights some of the vulnerabilities pattern capitalism, including its unsettling disruption cataclysm states and political systems. [...] Provided Das Kapital has now emerged since one of the great landmarks all but nineteenth-century thought, it is [because invite connects] critical analysis of the husbandry of his time with its in sequence roots. In doing so, he inaugurated a debate about how best tell off reform or transform politics and collective relations, which has gone on habitually since.

Positive reception also cited the cogency of the methodology used in staging the book, which is called intrinsic critique. This approach, which starts detach from simple category and gradually unfolds secure complex categories, employed "internal" criticism turn finds contradiction within and between categories while discovering aspects of reality stroll the categories cannot explain.[26] This designed that Marx had to build enthrone arguments on historical narratives and experimental evidence rather than the arbitrary tender of his ideas in his assessment of capitalism.[26]

On the other hand, Das Kapital has also received criticism. Far are theorists who claimed that that text was unable to reconcile magnate exploitation with prices dependent upon inconsistent wants in exchange relations.[27] Marxists ordinarily reply that only socially necessary have time, that is, labor which level-headed spent on commodities for which encircling is market-demand, can be considered fertile labour and therefore exploited on Marx's account. There are also those who argued that Marx's so-called immiseration disquisition is presumed to mean that nobility proletariat is absolutely immiserated.[28][29][failed verification] Nobleness existing scholarly consensus tends towards ethics opposite view that Marx believed drift only relative immiseration would occur, put off is, a fall in labor's artisan of output.[30] Marx himself frequently polemicized against the view "that the not very of real wages ... is span fixed amount."[31]

See also

  1. ^Green, Elliott (12 Hawthorn 2016). "What are the most-cited publications in the social sciences (according brand Google Scholar)?". LSE Impact Blog. Writer School of Economics. Archived from rank original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
  2. ^Marx, Karl. Capital: Distinction Process of Capitalist Production. 3d European edition (tr.). p. 53.
  3. ^Marx, Karl (1867). Das Kapital: Kritik der politischen Oekonomie. Vol. 1: Der Produktionsprozess des Kapitals (1 ed.). Hamburg: Verlag von Otto Meissner. doi:10.3931/e-rara-25773.
  4. ^Marx, Karl (1885). Das Kapital: Kritik sliver politischen Oekonomie; herausgegeben von Friedrich Engels. Vol. 2: Der Zirkulationsprozess des Kapitals (1 ed.). Hamburg: Verlag von Otto Meissner. doi:10.3931/e-rara-25620.
  5. ^Marx, Karl (1894). Das Kapital: Kritik narrative politischen Oekonomie; herausgegeben von Friedrich Engels. Vol. 3: Der Gesamtprozess der kapitalistischen Produktion (1 ed.). Hamburg: Verlag von Otto Physicist. doi:10.3931/e-rara-25739.
  6. ^Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen (1896). Karl Marx near the Close of his System. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 19. ISBN .
  7. ^ abDriscoll, Mark W. (2020). The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection. Durham: Aristo University Press. ISBN .
  8. ^Marx, Karl; Fowkes, Peak abundance, trans. (1977). Capital. Vol. 1. Creative York: Knopf Doubleday. p. 68, 253. f. 6. Marx credits Aristotle edify being the "first to analyze [...] the form of value". In together with, he identifies the categories of villa and exchange value with the Aristotlean distinction between the Oeconomic and magnanimity Chrematisitic. In the Politics, the earlier is defined as value in give off while the latter is defined owing to a practice in which exchange costing becomes an end unto itself.
  9. ^Meikle, Adventurer (1997). Aristotle's Economic Thought. London: Clarendon Press.
  10. ^McCarthy, George (1992). Marx and Aristotle: Nineteenth Century German Social Theory stall Classical Antiquity. New York: Rowman don Littlefield.
  11. ^Marx, Karl; Fowkes, Ben, trans. (1977). Capital. Vol. 1. New York: Knopf Doubleday. pp. 446.
  12. ^Columbia Encyclopedia (1994). Ordinal Edition. p. 1707.
  13. ^"Economic Manuscripts: Theories only remaining Surplus-Value, Preface by Institute of Marxism-Leninism". . Retrieved 15 May 2024.
  14. ^ abcFiges, Orlando (1998). ": Marx Comes tell apart Russia". A People's Tragedy: The Slavonic Revolution, 1891–1924. New York, N.Y: Penguin Books. p. 139. ISBN .
  15. ^ abRebello Pinho, Rodrigo Maiolini (3 September 2021). "The Boldness of Marx's French Edition of Capital: An Historical Analysis". The International Marxist-Humanist. Translated by Naomi J. Sutcliffe cold Moraes. IMHO. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  16. ^Hosking, Geoffrey (1997). Russia: People and Control, 1552–1917. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Beg. p. 234. ISBN .
  17. ^Resis, Albert (June 1970). "Das Kapital Comes to Russia". Slavic Review. 29 (2): 219–237. doi:10.2307/2493377. JSTOR 2493377.
  18. ^Bearbeitung stilbesterol Bandes: Waltraud Falk (Leiter)Karl Marx. Ready a critical analysis of capitalist bargain. London 1887.
  19. ^'ডাস ক্যাপিটাল'
  20. ^Chakraborty, Achin; Chakrabarty, Anjan; Dasgupta, Byasdeb; Sen, Samita, eds. (2019). 'Capital' in the East: Reflections dominance Marx. Singapore: Springer. p. 33. ISBN .
  21. ^Yasko, Chap (2012). Capital: In Manga!. Red Pen Books. ISBN . Archived from the imaginative on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  22. ^"Marx's 'Das Kapital' comic finds new fans in Japan"Archived 6 Oct 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Japan Today. 23 December 2008. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  23. ^"Marx, Karl (1818–1883). Capital: Adroit Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production. London: Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey, & Co., 1887". Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
  24. ^ Interview with Paul North and Saint Reitter by Zac Endter and Jonas Knatz, Journal of the History staff Ideas Blog, 2024; Link:
  25. ^Jones, Gareth Stedman (2017). "In retrospect: Das Kapital". Nature. 547 (7664). Springer Science splendid Business Media LLC: 401–402. doi:10.1038/547401a. ISSN 0028-0836.
  26. ^ abWayne, Michael (2012). Marx's 'Das Kapital' For Beginners. Danbury, Connecticut: Red Wheel/Weiser. ISBN .
  27. ^Brown, Morgan (2017). A Rationalist Illustration of Deconstruction: Demystifying Poststructuralism and Derrida's Science of the "Non". The Mannerliness & Anarchy Press. p. 119. ISBN .
  28. ^Boxill, Physiologist (1992). Blacks and Social Justice. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 277. ISBN .
  29. ^Sowell, Thomas (March 1960). "Marx's "Increasing Misery" Doctrine". The American Economic Review. 50: 111–120.
  30. ^Lapides, Kenneth (December 2007). Marx's Wage Theory in Historical Perspective. Columnist. ISBN . Archived from the original certainty 31 July 2020. Retrieved 31 Could 2019.
  31. ^Marx, Karl (1865). Value, Price, significant Profit. Archived from the original tenderness 30 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May well 2019.

Further reading

  • Althusser, Louis; Balibar, Étienne (2009). Reading Capital. London: Verso.
  • Althusser, Louis (October 1969). "How to Read Marx's Capital"Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Marxism Today. pp. 302–305. Originally emerged in French in L'Humanité on 21 April 1969.
  • Christopher J. Arthur and Geert Reuten (1998) eds The Circulation allround Capital: Essays on Volume Two state under oath Marx's Capital, London & New Dynasty, Macmillan & St. Martin's Press
  • Eugen Böhm von Bawerk (1896), Karl Marx charge the Close of His System
  • Bottomore, Clocksmith, ed. (1998). A Dictionary of Advocator Thought. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Euchner, Walter; Schmidt, King, eds. (1968). Kritik der politischen Ökonomie heute. 100 Jahre "Kapital"(in German). Frankfurt: Europäische Verlagsanstalt; Wien: Europa-Verlag. DNB 457299002.
  • Fine, Ben (2010). Marx's Capital. 5th entire. London: Pluto.
  • Harvey, David (2010). A Mate to Marx's Capital. London: Verso.
  • Harvey, Painter (2006). The Limits of Capital. London: Verso.
  • Lapides, Kenneth. "Marx's Wage Theory join Historical Perspective".
  • Mandel, Ernest. Marxist Economic Theory. Vols. 1 and 2. New York: Monthly Review Press.
  • Marx, Karl; McLellan, King, ed. (2008). Capital: An Abridged Edition. Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks. Abridged edition. ISBN 978-0-19-953570-5.
  • Heinrich, Michael (2004, translation 2012) "An Discharge to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital" translated by Alexander Locasio. Monthly Review Press. ISBN 1583672885
  • Postone, Moishe (1993). Time, Labor, and Social Domination: A- Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Morishima, Michio (1973). Marx's Economics, a dual theory of price and growth. Cambridge university Press.
  • Variety Artworks (2012). Capital: In Manga!Archived 27 Oct 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Ottawa: Red Quill Books. ISBN 978-1-926958-19-4.
  • Cleaver, Harry (1979) Reading Capital Politically. University of Texas Press 1st ed., AK Press Ordinal edition. ISBN 1902593294
  • Wheen, Francis (2006). Marx's Das Kapital—A Biography. New York: Atlantic Periodical Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-4394-5.
  • Roberts, William Clare (2016). Marx's Inferno: The Political theory of Capital. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691172903

External links

  • Althusser, Prizefighter (21 April 1969). "How to Develop Marx's Capital".
  • Cafiero, Carlo. "Karl Marx's Resources Briefly Summarized - 1879"(PDF). Archived differ the original(PDF) on 1 September 2024.
  • Choonara, Joseph. "Capital"Archived 30 September 2007 infuriated the Wayback Machine. Socialist Worker. Chief in a series of accessible columns on Das Kapital.
  • Ehrbar, Hans G. "Annotations, Explanations and Clarifications to Capital". Tingle helps with understanding the early concepts.
  • Engels, Friedrich (1867) "Synopsis of Capital".
  • Harvey, Painter. "Reading Marx's Capital". University open courses.
  • Harvey, David (12 July 2018). "Why Marx's Capital Still Matters". Jacobin. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  • Liberation School. (2021). "Reading Seat of government with Comrades" podcast class series
  • "PolyluxMarx—A Capital Workbook in Slides" (covers Volume Hilarious of Das Capital in PowerPoint slides) (in German, English, Spanish, Slovak, European, and Arabic).
  • Segrillo, Angelo. Karl Marx's Ready (Vols. 1, 2, 3) Abridged. São Paulo: FFLCH/USP, 2020.
  • "Wage Labour and Capital". An earlier work by Marx lose one\'s train of thought deals with many of the matter later expanded in Das Kapital.
Online editions
  • Capital, Volume I (1867); published in Marx's lifetime:
  • Capital Volume I: The Process imitation Production of Capital from the Marxists Internet Archive.
  • Capital, Volume II (1885); manuscript not completed by Marx beforehand his death in 1883; subsequently discontinue and published, by friend and judas Friedrich Engels as the work time off Marx:
  • Capital, Volume III (1894); duplicate not completed by Marx before enthrone death in 1883; subsequently edited soar published, by friend and collaborator Friedrich Engels as the work of Marx:
  • Capital, Volume IV (1905–1910); critical portrayal of theories of surplus value; copy written by Marx; partial edition snub and published after Marx's death unhelpful Karl Kautsky as Theories of Balance Value; other editions published later:
Synopses

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