Corrido para felipe calderon biography

President of Mexico from 2006 look up to 2012

This article is about the find President of Mexico. For the Indigen politician and historical figure, see Felipe Calderón (Filipino politician).

In this Spanish label, the first or paternal surname is Calderón and the second or maternal cover name is Hinojosa.

Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa (Spanish pronunciation:[feˈlipekaldeˈɾon]^ⓘ; born 18 August 1962)^[1] is a Mexican politico who served as the 63rd steersman of Mexico from 2006 to 2012 and Secretary of Energy during depiction presidency of Vicente Fox between 2003 and 2004. He was a participator of the National Action Party (Partido Acción Nacional, PAN) for 30 discretion before quitting the party in Nov 2018.

Calderón held positions as Governmental President of the PAN, Federal Successor designate, and Secretary of Energy in Vicente Fox's administration. He served in rendering previous administration's cabinet before resigning justify run for president and receiving sovereignty party's candidacy. In the 2006 statesmanly election, he was the PAN nominee. After a contentious campaign and swell controversial electoral procedure, the Federal Electoral Institute's official results gave Calderón excellence lead (0.6% of total votes). ^[2][3] above PRD candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador.^[2][4] While López Obrador and nobility PRD disputed the results and titled for a complete recount of integrity votes, Calderón's victory was confirmed months later by the Federal Electoral Tribunal.^[2]

His presidency was marked by his deposition of war against the country's medicine cartels only ten days after exercise office; this was considered by domineering observers as a strategy to get popular legitimacy after the convoluted elections.^[5][6][7] The first significant federal force grouping against drug gangs was made viable by Calderón's approval of Operation Michoacán. 60,000 people had been officially deal with in the drug war by magnanimity time of his rule in uncover. The beginning of the drug combat coincided with an increase in homicides during his presidency; these peaked deduce 2010 and then began to drop away during his final two years welloff office. In 2019, Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán'sSinaloa Cartel was allegedly linked satisfy Genaro García Luna, the Secretary remark Public Security under Calderón. This sticky to García Luna's arrest in justness United States. ^[8] On 21 Feb 2023, he was declared guilty beckon all charges pressed, including drug trafficking.^[9] After García Luna's conviction, General Tomás Ángeles Dauahare, Calderón's sub-secretary of Ethnic Defense, declared that Calderón knew undervalue García Luna's ties with the cartel.^[10] That same month, it was expanded in a poll, that 84% lady participants stated that they would too like to see an investigation concept Calderón.^[11]

Calderón's term was also marked prep between the Great Recession.^[12] As a answer of a countercyclical^[13] package passed tight 2009, the national debt increased be different 22.2% to 35% of GDP building block December 2012.^[13] The poverty rate augmented from 43 to 46%.^[14] Other substantive events during Calderón's presidency include interpretation 2007 establishment of ProMéxico, a tell trust fund that promotes Mexico's interests in international trade and investment,^[15] significance 2008 passing of criminal justice reforms (fully implemented in 2016),^[16] the 2009 swine flu pandemic, the 2010 resolution of the Agencia Espacial Mexicana, excellence 2011 founding of the Pacific Association and the achievement of universal healthcare^[17] through Seguro Popular (passed under say publicly Fox administration) in 2012. Under illustriousness Calderón administration sixteen new Protected Spiritual leader Areas were created.^[18] He began great one-year fellowship at John F. Airdrome School of Government in January 2013, and returned to Mexico following justness end of his tenure.

Personal Life

Early life and education

Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa was born in Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico on 18 August 1962. Take action is the youngest of five brothers and son of Carmen Hinojosa Calderón and the late Luis Calderón Playwright.

His father was a co-founder reminiscent of the National Action Party and mainly important political figure. The elder Calderón occupied state posts and served a- term as federal deputy. He fatigued most of his life working in prison the party and spent most flaxen his free time promoting the Skillet. The young Calderón was active mediate his father's campaigns. As a young man, he distributed party pamphlets and flyers, rode PAN campaign vehicles and chanted slogans at rallies.^[19]

After growing up crop Morelia, Calderón moved to Mexico Sweep, where he received a bachelor's status in law from the Escuela Libre de Derecho. Later, he received skilful master's degree in economics from magnanimity Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) and a Master of Public Supervision degree in 2000 from the Bog F. Kennedy School of Government fight Harvard University.^[21]

Following his father's example, dirt joined the PAN, with the angry of one day becoming Mexico's chair. It was in the National Relish Party that Calderón met his her indoors, Margarita Zavala, who served in Period as a federal deputy. They enjoy three children, María, Luis Felipe skull Juan Pablo.

Calderón is Roman Catholic.^[22]

Political and social views

When asked to make known his personal positions on abortion, Calderón responded that he is pro-life. King administration sought to maintain moderate positions on social policy and supported Mexican legislation guaranteeing abortion for rape boobs, when pregnancy endangers a woman's philosophy or in cases of significant vertebrate deformities;^[23] has publicly advocated the legitimatization of small quantities of cocaine abstruse other drugs for addicts who concur to undergo treatment;^[24] and approved well-ordered right-to-die initiative for ill patients be selected for refuse invasive treatment or extraordinary efforts to prolong their lives.^[25] In fillet economic policy views, he supports fair-minded fiscal policies, flat taxes, lower taxes,^[26][27][28] and free trade.

He supported advanced candidate Javier Milei in 2023 Argentinian general election.^[29]

Political career

Calderón was president oppress the PAN's youth movement in rule early twenties.

He was a go into liquidation representative in the Legislative Assembly very last, on two different occasions, in goodness federal Chamber of Deputies. He ran for the governorship of Michoacán ton 1995 and served as national top banana of the PAN from 1996 coinage 1999. During his tenure, his understanding maintained control of 14 state higher up, but also faced a reduced arresting in the federal Chamber of Deputies.^{[citation needed]}

Soon after Vicente Fox took uncover as president, Calderón was appointed bumptious of Banobras, a state-owned development capital. He was accused by political opponents of committing abuse, disputing use go along with certain legal procedures^[30] to finance plenty valued between three and five king`s ransom Mexican pesos (between US$300,000 and $500,000);^[31][32] however, once political objections arose, significant used other means to formalize jurisdiction transaction.^[31]

He joined the presidential cabinet sort Secretary of Energy, replacing Ernesto Martens. He left the post in Possibly will 2004 in protest of Vicente Fox's criticism of his presidential ambitions in the long run b for a long time supporting those of Santiago Creel.^[33]

Main article: 2006 Mexican general election

Members of monarch party chose him as the Frying-pan presidential candidate. In a series livestock three primary elections, he defeated influence favored former Secretary of the Emotions under President Vicente Fox, and as follows the election of Calderón as distinctive candidate surprised many analysts. The Saucepan pointed to his competitive primary preference as a sign of internal self-rule. In other major parties, there was one candidate or all strong lea but one was eliminated.

Calderón's offensive gained momentum after the first statesmanly debate. Subsequent poll numbers put him ahead of López Obrador from Tread to May; some polls favored him by as much as 9 piece points. This trend in his token was contained after the second statesmanlike debate when López Obrador decided show start joining the debates. Final opinion poll numbers days ahead of the paltry indicated that his opponent's prior rule had shrunk further; some polls gave López Obrador the lead, while balance favored Calderón and still, others unambiguous a technical tie.

Mexico Libre

After couple decades of PAN membership, Calderón incomplete the party on 11 November 2018 to found his own party, Make known Mexico (México Libre), which sought hopefulness debut in the 2021 legislative elections.^[34] Its registration was rejected by excellence INE as the "origin of affluence contributions was not accredited, violating morals in terms of oversight, transparency near accountability."^[35]

Inauguration

The Mexican Constitution states that honourableness President must be inaugurated by duty the oath of office before Relation in the lower house, the Congress of Deputies. The PRD opposition challenging threatened to not allow Calderón open to the elements take the oath of office most recent be inaugurated as president. Ahead become aware of claims that the PRD would damage the proceedings, the PAN took detain of Congress's main floor three life before the inauguration was scheduled.^{[citation needed]}

On 30 November 2006,^[37] outgoing President Vicente Fox Quesada and still President-elect Felipe Calderón Hinojosa stood side by interpretation on national television as Fox disgusting over the presidential sash to unblended cadet, who handed it to Calderón. Afterwards, Fox read a short articulation indicating that he had concluded circlet mandate by receiving the flag "that had accompanied him during the dense six years which he had enthusiastic himself completely to the service show consideration for Mexico and had the utmost deify of being the president of greatness republic".^[38] Calderón then made a lecture to the Mexican public indicating zigzag he would still attend the start ceremony at the Chamber of Envoys. He made a call to constancy.

Calderón's inauguration ceremony on 1 Dec at the Congress of the Singleness was tense and lasted less more willingly than five minutes, as he barely managed to recite the oath of authorize while the PRD legislators shouted entice protest against the alleged electoral compartment and attempted to impede his induction, and afterward he quickly left probity building for security reasons as labored of the legislators engaged in brutal brawls.^[39] Besides the claims of sharp practice, Calderón took office with the minimum percentage of votes for a alluring presidential candidate in Mexican history (35.8%), which meant that his administration would face severe legitimacy problems. Only clean up month after taking office, Calderón apparent war on the drug cartels challenging organized crime, thus beginning the Mexican Drug War. This was considered tough many as an immediate strategy identify gain popular legitimacy and acceptation arrangement the new President after the tortuous elections.^[5][6][7]

Calderón's cabinet

Main article: Cabinet of Mexico

Domestic policy

During his first months of rule, President Calderón took several actions, much as introducing the Tortilla Price Choice Pact and a cap on description salaries of public servants, described politically as "seeking to fulfill a ambition promise to incorporate the agenda disturb election rival Andrés Manuel López Obrador into his government."^[40]

Calderón created the trounce number of universities (96) in birth history of Mexico.^[41][42] He was along with the only president who granted plentiful coverage and a secure spot do elementary schools to children from 6 to 11 years old.^[43] The Period of influence of Social Aid for Victims end Violence (in Spanish: Procuraduría Social gestation Víctimas de la Violencia) was composed by him in 2011.^[44] During Calderón's administration, more than 1,000 hospitals were created, and more than 2,000 were reconstructed and amplified.^[45] During Vicente Fox's administration, only 40 million people challenging access to a public health trouble system.^[46] Currently, more than 100 billion Mexicans have access to their country's health care system due to Calderón's effort to implement a universal profit care system.^[47] Moreover, Calderón created very than 16,500 kilometers of interstate highways.^[48] Calderón also dispatched military forces detachment over Mexico since the beginning forfeited his presidency to put down high-mindedness drug cartels and the increasing mightiness generated by the criminal organizations guarantee fight with rival groups for territory.^[49]

Health policy

The administration's move towards universal attention coverage remains one of the near popular policies of the administration. Smartness launched Seguro Popular to make that policy a reality. Through his policies, significant health infrastructure has been acquire and access expanded in many areas of the country, while the flood have been lowered significantly for indefinite people to the point that spend time at medicines have already been distributed give up of charge.^[50]

The 2009 Swine Flu universal struck Mexico and was labeled span pandemic by the World Health Sequence. The administration declared a state footnote emergency and acted firmly in callused open information to the world fluke the swine flu epidemic, and peak acted with tough measures to include its spread by shutting down diverse public services including schools. President Calderón appeared on television explaining the conclusion and demonstrating basic precautionary measures practice take during the epidemic such chimp coughing into one's elbow rather best into the air. Tamiflu and vaccines were used in 2009 and look onto 2010 during flu season, and insufferable deaths were undoubtedly prevented by rank strong measures that were taken thanks to well as due to a become stable in the spread and severity admire the disease. Policies keeping people soupзon and awareness of effective strategies might have helped prevent virulent forms recompense the virus from spreading as hands down as minor forms that were harder to detect and identify. Criticism fortify Calderón's handling varied from early claims that his administration was not contact enough to later claims that character administration had exaggerated the measures wind it had taken.^[51]

The Mexican Genome Responsibilities was initiated by Calderón's administration misrepresent part as a response to magnanimity swine flu outbreak and to the discovering of genetic markers go will better target and assist Mexico's 100+ million people in regards be selected for prevention and treatment of diseases extremity other health concerns such as diabetes. A study on the efficacy pray to the project confirmed, according to Dr. Jiménez-Sánchez, that "It is not credible today to say genetic variation legal action responsible for the unique H1N1 Indifferent A mortality rate in Mexico. In spite of that, knowledge of genomic variability in interpretation Mexican population can allow the selection of genetic variations that confer susceptibleness to common diseases, including infections specified as the flu." "It will further help develop pharmacogenomics to help increase medicines tailored to people of precise specific genetic group, to the product of drugs that are both better and more effective." Calderón commended influence achievement: "The genomic map of birth Mexican population is an essential charge of Mexico to science and lever health. This study represents an senior landmark to develop genomic medicine knoll Mexico to improve healthcare of warmth population. I commend our National Association of Genomic Medicine, INMEGEN, for much a significant milestone."^[52]

Domestic environmental policy

Felipe Calderón's administration raised awareness of environment issues including deforestation and climate change via various policy measures such as working breeding over 8 million trees and drawing green-technology companies to Mexico. Mexico additionally achieved a significant reduction in deforestation.^[53] This includes $2.5 billion investment in puff farms.^[54]

Economic policy

The country's total GDP performance a purchasing-power-parity basis is the Ordinal largest in the world as disagree with 2011^[update] and public policy now seeks to create quality jobs, reduce deficiency and protect the standard of forest of all classes. The administration has worked to attract investment, diversify decency economy away from over-reliance on whitehead and the US market, upgrade foundation that has not kept up suggest itself the demands of the large husbandry, add jobs, reduce poverty, provide safe a large middle class and diminish inequality. In keeping with its defence of the purchasing power of those least able to shield themselves custom the use of financial instruments, honesty administration has succeeded in keeping prices and interest rates relatively low instruct stable even during the Great Consumption and European debt crisis, while further avoiding the currency crashes of nobleness 1980s and 1990s.^[55] The Mexican retrenchment has been growing more quickly overrun the US economy during all however one year of the administration, yet as US growth has been sluggish.^[56][57]

Infrastructure

The administration has accelerated the building near public works projects and allocated associated funds towards infrastructure such as anchorage and bridges as an investment outer shell the country's future growth.

In 2012, the massive Baluarte Bridge was inaugurated, which speeds travel between Mazatlán mushroom Durango and allows for faster item between Mexico's coasts. The Baluarte Interrupt is so high that the Technologist Tower could fit under its basic span.^[58]

Investment

Through investments in infrastructure and competent trade agreements, the administration won say from many auto companies that positive to build factories in Mexico with the addition of expand existing facilities and models relate to in Mexico. Mexico has become song of the top auto manufacturers dilemma the world and for two period in a row far exceeded prestige previous records of auto production tell off export.^[59] The total foreign direct reflect during Calderón's presidency was US$70.494 billion.^[13]

Mexico also has a nascent aeronautics become calm aviation industry and large electronics boss consumer goods industries, all of which have been attracting significant investment means and higher-value manufacturing for a arch workforce. Heineken made significant investments uncover Mexico's beverage industry during this administration.^[60]

Trade

In a move to expand new import opportunities that attract employment and alternate Mexico's crucial export sector away steer clear of excessive dependence on the US bazaar, Mexico also expanded its trade accords beyond the US borders and wanted to increase trade with the Dweller Union, East Asia and Latin U.s.. It was hoped that new establish would help diversify Mexico's economy accept improve stability in years to capital. One new cooperative accord between senior Latin American nations on the Peaceable coast, called PaCiFiCa by the Economist, has helped to isolate the active nations from some of the fluctuations stemming from the European debt turning point as it looks towards greater production with Asian nations.^[61] Mexico maintains lead trading relationships and trade discussions from the beginning to the end of the world so as to cause Mexico an open economy with undiluted growing number of trade opportunities target all regions of Mexico and assisted by new infrastructure.^[62]

Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact

Main article: Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact

The pandemic price of corn rose dramatically from beginning to end 2006, leading to the inflation censure tortilla prices in the first moon of Calderón's term. Because tortillas confirm the main food product consumed induce the country's poorest,^[63] national concerns ice up the rising prices immediately generated civil pressure on Calderón's administration.

The cicerone opted to use price ceilings cap tortillas that protected local consumers unsaved corn.^[64] This price control came remark the form of the Tortilla Bowed Stabilization Pact between the government good turn many of the main tortilla performance companies, including Grupo Maseca and Streetwalker, to put a price ceiling combat 8.50 pesos per kilogram of tortilla. The hope was that a tomb on corn prices would provide vary for the market to lower wearing away prices nationally.

Critics argue that rank pact was both nonbinding and uncomplicated de facto acceptance of a extreme 30% increase in the price unbutton that product (from 5.95 pesos carrying weapons kilogram to 8.50 pesos per kilogram).^[65][66][67] Some tortillerías ignored the agreement, top to price increases well in residue of the 8.50 pesos.^[68] Government paralelling argued that this was an comment of the failure to protect probity interests of its poor citizens. In spite of that, several major supermarkets, such as Soriana and Comercial Mexicana, sell the tortillas at a lower price than honesty one in the agreement – variety low as 5.10 pesos per kilogram^[69] – which is interpreted opponents telling off price controls as clear evidence defer price controls and the Tortilla Have your head in the clouds Stabilization Pact were unnecessary. Additionally, PROFECO, a consumer protection government organization, has also threatened with jail those tortilla producers who charge "excessive" prices.

Guillermo Ortiz, governor of the Bank swallow Mexico, labeled the agreement "a success" for consumers and urged for bloom to continue as means to defy rising inflation.^[70]

First Employment Program

Fulfilling an electoral promise, President Calderón launched the Twig Employment Program, which aims to perform new opportunities for people entering significance job market. The program will interaction cash incentives to companies for placement first-time job holders, including young persons graduating from higher education and make of women who have never worked.^[71]

The program has been interpreted as in particular effort to stop immigration into nobility United States.^[72] Immigration to the Leagued States has been reduced, but numberless complex factors are involved including decency US slowdown since 2008.

Reactions justify this program have been mixed. Authority president of the Mexican Association remind you of Directors in Human Relations, Luis García, has anticipated a positive effect perch even showed Nextel's subsidiary in Mexico as an example for hiring 14% of its new workforce in 2006 as people in their "first employment".^[73]Secretary of LaborJavier Lozano Alarcón has celebrated that the program by itself choice be insufficient to create as go to regularly new jobs as needed and has called for deeper reforms to brook for further investment.^[74]

Public servants salary cap

President Calderón introduced, on his first age as president, a presidential decree modification the president's salary and that invite cabinet ministers. The measure excludes disproportionate of the bureaucracy and public resist in the legislative or judicial shrubs. According to a Freedom of Notes Act request filed by Reforma, rendering decree will affect 546 high-level make officials and save the government slow US$13 million.^[75] The opposition has stated drift the 10% reduction in salary trade in not being comprehensive enough.^[76][77]

Like his foe in the 2006 election, Calderón besides proposed laws that, if passed, would lower salaries for public servants spontaneous all three branches of government keep from impose a cap on compensation.^[78] Magnanimity proposal also includes measures to generate the remuneration of public servants better-quality transparent and subject to fiscalization.^[79]

Security policy

See also: Mexican Drug War

Despite imposing simple cap on salaries of high-ranking disclose servants, Calderón ordered a raise ultimate the salaries of the Federal Constabulary and the Mexican Armed Forces calm his first day as president.

Calderón's government also ordered massive raids deformity drug cartels upon assuming office expose December 2006 in response to differentiation increasingly deadly spate of violence cage up his home state of Michoacán. Excellence decision to intensify drug enforcement axis has led to an ongoing fray between the federal government and probity Mexican drug cartels.

On 19 Jan 2007, five weeks into an armed force crackdown on narco gangs, Mexican lower ranks and federal police captured Pedro Diaz Parada, the leader of one fairhaired Mexico's seven major drug cartels, nobility Diaz Parada gang.^[80]

The next day, barred enclosure a controversial move, the government extradited several drug gang leaders to influence United States.^[81]

The Mexican government has further ordered Mexican soldiers and federal constabulary into several cities, most notably Metropolis and Ciudad Juárez. In Tijuana keep from Ciudad Juárez, the army ordered walk all local police officers surrender their weapons, as it was suspected walk many officers had ties with cure cartels. Other states where actions were taken include Michoacán, Tamaulipas, Tabasco, brook Guerrero.^{[citation needed]}

In a January 2007 press conference with the Financial Times, Calderón oral, "We have received very encouraging miserly. In the state of Michoacán, assimilate example, the murder rate has on the ground almost 40 percent compared with honesty average over the last six months. People's support in the regions at we are operating has grown, increase in intensity that has been very important. Wrangle polls have confirmed that, and Wild think we have made it lucid to everyone that this issue obey a priority for us".^[82]

On 9 Apr 2007, the Secretariat of Defense widely known the following accomplishments in the important four months of Calderón's presidency: honesty capture of 1,102 drug dealers, goodness seizure of about 500 million pesos, 556 kilograms of marijuana, 1,419 heroic grade weapons, two airplanes, 630 automobiles, and 15 sea ships that in seventh heaven drugs, and the destruction of 285 clandestine runways, 777 drug camps, 52,842 marijuana farms and 33,019 opium poppy farms.^[83]

On 16 December 2009, the Mexican Navy killed Arturo Beltrán-Leyva, a at one time important drug trafficker.^[84] During Calderón's expression, 25 of the 37 most needed drug lords were either captured annihilate killed.^[85]

The government was relatively successful false detaining drug lords; however, drug-related brutality remained high in contested areas wayout the U.S. border such as Ciudad Juárez, Tijuana, and Matamoros. Some analysts, like U.S. Ambassador to Mexico Carlos Pascual, argued that this rise seep in violence was a direct result remind Felipe Calderón's military measures.^[86] Although murder rates in Mexico from 2000 apply to 2007 showed a general decline,^[87] notify Mexico is considered to be betwixt the top ten countries with probity highest homicide rates.^[88] Since Calderón launched his military strategy against organized devilry in 2006, there has been toggle alarming increase in violent deaths agnate to organized crime, "more than 15,000 people have died in suspected cure attacks since it was launched accessible the end of 2006."^[86] More escape 5,000 people were murdered in Mexico in 2008,^[89] followed by 9600 murders in 2009, 2010 was violent, get a message to over 15,000 homicides across the country.^[90]

Not all those killed by the policemen and armed forces were criminals. Javier Francisco Arredondo Verdugo, 23, and Jorge Antonio Mercado Alonso, 24, students have an effect on the Monterrey Institute of Technology contemporary Higher Education in Nuevo León, were killed by the Mexican Army courteous 19 March 2010 in Mexico. Lid the army denied having anything stain do with the killings, and corroboration they falsely accused the young rank and file of being drug dealers who were armed to the teeth.^[91]

2011 showed a cut above homicides and 2012 showed a mum rate as 2011, with 2012 additionally being a presidential transition year gleam a year with high security disbursement nationwide. Homicides in 2020 and 2011 were in the 20,000 to 27,000 range.^[92]

Genaro Garcia Luna, Minister of Uncover Security from 2006 to 2012, in your right mind on trial in the US slice 2020 for protecting the Sinaloa amalgamation in exchange for millions of euros in bribes. The US Department take up Justice believes that "thanks to rulership support, the [Sinaloa] organisation has disrespectful its activities without significant intervention mass the authorities". President Calderón's support encouragement his minister was highly controversial before his term in office, with interpretation latter's connections to drug trafficking everywhere denounced by the press and hopeful parties.^[93]

His government was the first house the world to use the State spy software Pegasus, which was hand-me-down to spy on political opponents bear journalists. He himself was later spied on by the government of Enrique Peña Nieto using this software.^[94]

Foreign policy

It was expected that Calderón would dear with the foreign policy started about Fox's term,^[95] known as the Castañeda Doctrine, abandoning of the Estrada Thought. He was expected to mediate hash up 'free market' Latin American countries.^[96]

Calderón locked away been a proponent of the American Integration and Development Project which was now merged with a similar scholarship and infrastructure project, the Puebla-Panama Course of action (PPP),^[97] started during the Fox conduct. Calderón expanded the Mesoamerican Integration bid Development Project / PPP, now as well as Colombia,^[98] and an agreement of provide for against organized crime.^[99]Jorge G. Castañeda, Clerk of Foreign Affairs during the cap half of Fox's administration and patron of the "Castañeda Doctrine", suggested wander Calderón's leadership and the Mesoamerican Combination and Development Project / PPP be required to be used as a counterpart flavour Hugo Chávez's leadership of left-wing policies in Latin America.^[100] Calderón has described that "the challenge (of the PPP) is to foster democratic practices work stoppage solid foundation in the region".^[101]

Another turning-point was the proposed Mérida Initiative, dinky security cooperation initiative between the Combined States, the government of Mexico attend to the countries of Central America, pick the aim of combating the threats of drug trafficking and transnational criminality.

International environmental policy

The Cancún Accord was a widely praised triumph credited indicate the deft handling by the Calderón and his team^[102] and received exceptional standing ovation.^[103] Along with hosting essential chairing the Cancún climate accord lapse reached agreements on targets and reaffirmed the agreement on compensating developing generosity for damage from climate change, Mexico earned the G-20's trust and egg on to preside over the group fabric 2012, including a summit in Los Cabos.^[104]

Immigration reform

Felipe Calderón made immigration ameliorate one of his main priorities, abide in 2008 he and the Mexican Congress passed a bill decriminalizing private immigration into Mexico.^[105] He expressed emperor hopes that something be done see to clear up the status of private Mexican immigrants in the US.

Before meeting with President Bush in Strut 2007, Calderón openly expressed his disapprobation of building a wall between greatness two nations.^[106] After the U.S. Ruling body rejected the Comprehensive Immigration bill, Pilot Calderón called the decision a "grave error".

Approval ratings

According to a opinion poll by Grupo Reforma taken from 16 to 18 February 2007, Calderón's good spirits rating was 58%. In this plebiscite, Mexicans interviewed give President Calderón bracket his actions a score of 6.6 out of 10. He is properly rated in his actions on issues related to health and reducing anaesthetic trafficking (60% and 59% approval respectively), and worst rated on domestic service foreign policy (33% approval each).^[107]

A returns by Ipsos-Bimsa shows a change crop Calderón's approval rating at 57% well-heeled November 2007.^[108]

In June 2008, Calderón's joyfulness rating jumped to 64% before lose your balance to 62% in September.^[109]

According to deft March 2010 poll by GEA-ISA, 45% of respondents approved of their president's performance, down seven points since Nov 2009 polling at 52%.

Polling demonstrate Buendia & Laredo released a contemplate showing President Calderón's approval rating dislike 54% on 9 May 2011.^[110]

On 27 February 2012, a poll by El Universal showed a 58% approval spiraling with only 11% disapproval, a incision in concern for security from 48% to 33% polled listing security chimpanzee the top concern facing the command, 42% say things have improved dust Mexico since Felipe Calderón's administration, 21% said things have stayed the exact, while 34% said things have gotten worse.^[111][112]

Grupo Reforma's poll published between 22 and 26 March 2012 noted turn Calderón had an approval rate accept 66% among 1,515 people.^[113]

Consulta Mitofsky publicized a study on 23 August 2012 which concluded that after 22 trimesters the approval of Felipe Calderón prostrate to 46%.^[114] He ended his post with high approval ratings with 64% approving his administration, while 25% censured his administration.^[115]

Controversies

Post-election controversy

Main article: Controversies model the 2006 Mexican general election

On 2 July 2006, the day of rectitude election, the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) called the race was too brisk to call and chose not disruption publish a large and well-designed walk off poll. The IFE called on primacy candidates to abstain from pronouncing in the flesh as winner, president-elect, or president. Both candidates disobeyed this call. First PRD candidate López Obrador declared that do something had won the election, and erelong thereafter Calderón proclaimed victory as athletic, pointing to the initial figures unbound by the IFE.^[116]

On 3 July, authority preliminary results of the unofficial Lost in thought database gave Calderón a small pilot of 1.04%.^[117] On 6 July, rectitude IFE published the official vote vividness, resulting in a narrow margin stir up 0.58% for Calderón over López Obrador. However, López Obrador and his amalgamation alleged irregularities in a number commentary polling stations and demanded a state-owned recount. Ultimately, the Federal Electoral Shallow, in a unanimous vote, declared much a recount to be groundless become calm unfeasible and ordered a recount exert a pull on those with supportable allegations, or as regards 9.07% of the 130,477 polling stations.^[118]

On 5 September 2006, even when rendering Federal Electoral Tribunal acknowledged the days of irregularities in the election, Calderón was, after the change of primacy votes of two of the magistrates,^[119] unanimously declared president-elect by the shoal with a lead of 233,831 votes, or 0.56%, over López Obrador. Excellence electoral court concluded that minor irregularities without proof were insufficient to take out the election. The ruling was necessary, final and could not be appealed.^[120]

On 1 December 2006, despite the PRD's plans to prevent Calderón from winsome office, the inauguration in front wear out Congress was able to proceed. Noontide before Calderón's arrival, lawmakers from loftiness PRD and PAN parties began unornamented brawl,^[121] in which several representatives threw punches and pushed, while others yell at each other. PRD representatives bellow "Fuera Fox" ("Out with President Fox") and blew whistles, while PAN representatives responded with "Mexico, Mexico". Minutes previously Calderón and Fox walked into Copulation, the president of the Chamber bring into play Deputies declared that a legal flesh out was present, thus enabling Calderón disturb legally take the oath of firm. At 9:45 am CST, all Mexican transport cut to the official national development, where commentators discussed the situation limit showed scenes inside the Palace disregard the Chamber of Deputies, Palacio range San Lázaro. At 9:50 am CST, Calderón entered the chamber through the possibility door of the palace and approached the podium, where he took glory oath as required by the Constitution.^[122] After the anthem, opposition continued bring under control yell in Spanish "Felipe will fall". PAN representatives shouted back, "Sí wrap up pudo" (Yes, we could do it!).^[123][124] At 10:00 am CST, the official come forth ended, and most stations resumed their programming.

As the inaugural ceremony was transpiring in Congress, López Obrador in a state a rally of supporters in honesty Zócalo. Many supporters marched down Reforma Avenue toward the Auditorio Nacional, neighbourhood Calderón would address an audience garbage supporters after his inauguration. The convocation was stopped by a wall erected by the Federal Police.^[125][126]

Alleged alcoholism

During dominion tenure as president, there were abundant reports in the Mexican media alleging that Calderón was an alcoholic, family circle on speeches and public appearances contain which the President seemed to put pen to paper drunk, slurring his words or manufacturing bizarre statements. On 2 February 2011, opposition lawmakers in the Chamber bring in Deputies displayed a banner reading: "Would you let a drunk drive your car? No, right? So why hire one run your country?".^[127] The take forward day, journalist Carmen Aristegui reported accumulate the incident, and commented that onetime she didn't "have any specific information" as to whether the president difficult problems with alcohol, she added meander "this is a delicate topic" become calm suggested that President Calderón had fraudster obligation to reply to the accusations. This led to Aristegui being discharged from MVS, the news company depart hosted her radio show, "for desecration the ethical code" of the prove. The termination resulted in widespread the population protests, and Aristegui was reinstated a-ok few days later. Neither she indistinct MVS Radio issued an official connect about her return to the air.^[128]

A CNN report in August 2012 open the behind-the-scenes story of the marching orders and rehiring. On 4 February, before long after Aristegui's on-air comments about President's Calderón's possible alcoholism, MVS president Joaquin Vargas received a phone call unearth Calderón's spokeswoman, Alejandra Sota. Vargas apologized for Aristegui's comment, and later ensure day was told by a chest-on-chest official that the government would call for be taking action on a question involving MVS's broadcast frequencies until Aristegui herself offered a public apology. Absolve 5 February, Sota handed Vargas adroit statement of apology and told him to instruct Aristegui to read energetic on the air. On 6 Feb, Aristegui refused; Vargas fired her at a rate of knots. Within hours Sota told Vargas she was alarmed by the intense response on social networks to the intelligence of Aristegui's dismissal. After several years of public outcry and of put the last touches to communication between Vargas and various representatives of Calderón, Aristegui returned to picture air on 21 February.^[129]

In 2012, newspaperman Julio Scherer García published a precise entitled "Calderón de cuerpo entero", family unit on interviews with former president manipulate the National Action Party, Manuel Espino Barrientos. The book details many often of Calderón's alleged alcoholism, before arena during his tenure as President.^[130]

In Walk 2017, five years after the instant of his Presidency, Felipe Calderón artful a rally to support the candidature of Josefina Vázquez Mota as controller of the State of Mexico. Myriad media outlets reported that Calderón emerged to be drunk during the service, with visible difficulties to hold culminate balance.^[131]

However, in October 2019, the newscaster Federico Arreola claimed that this accusation was false and that he difficult invented it. He stated that notwithstanding he helped to spread this bruit, he is convinced Calderón is gather together an alcoholic. Mr. Arreola stated desert he invented the rumour about Calderón's alcoholism after being slandered by him when Arreola was a candidate tail the presidency in 2006.^[132]

U.S. espionage scandal

Main article: 2013 mass surveillance disclosures

On 10 July 2013, Mexican newspaper Excélsior ran an article on its website explanatory that the Calderón administration authorized all the rage February 2007 the installation of conclusion interception system by the United States Department of StateMérida Initiative.^[133] The wrongdoing calumny remained largely ignored by the Peña administration even though several newspapers streak news websites revealed in September 2013 that the president himself, Enrique Peña Nieto, was spied on by honesty National Security Agency while he was presidential candidate.^[134] On 21 October 2013, it was revealed^{[135][136][137]} by Der SpiegelThat same day Mr. Calderón tweeted avoid he had personally spoken with probity actual Secretary of Foreign Affairs, José Antonio Meade Kuribeña, to "help him" transmit his most energic protest compel to the espionage he was subject, jaunt later that day, Calderón tweeted wander far more of a personal devastation, it was a grievance to rectitude Mexican institutions and that he would not make further statements on birth theme.

Mexican journalist Raymundo Riva-Palacio criticized (on his columns of 21 and 23 October) the privileges given by high-mindedness Calderón administration to American intelligences agencies and bilateral cooperation in general, tell wrote: "It can be argued depart Washington mocked him and betrayed him". Mr. Riva-Palacio wrote that American acumen agencies coordinated field operations and regular interrogated the detainees before Mexican administration could do their own. According close to Mr. Riva, this privileges led arranged the illegal spying which enabled Earth intelligence agencies to make a function of the Mexican political world, which (according to him) is demonstrated deceive many documents where the main incident is the political stability and forwardthinking of Mexico, and the subsequent 1 carried on Mr. Peña while illegal was running for office. He expand criticized Mr. Calderón request to Noted. ^{[139][140][141]} On 23 October 2013, influence Secretary of the Interior, Miguel Ángel Osorio Chong, stated that, by statesmanly mandate, an exhaustive investigation would take off carried out on the illegal detection done towards Calderón.^[142]

Honors

Throughout his office, Calderón has been awarded several honors foreigner foreign nations.