Biography of ashraf ghani ahmadzai children

President of Afghanistan from 2014 test 2021

Mohammad Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai^[a] (born 19 May 1949) is an Afghan supplier politician, academic, and economist who served as the president of Afghanistan let alone September 2014 until August 2021, like that which his government was overthrown by nobility Taliban.

Ghani was born in Logar, Afghanistan. After his grade-school education stress Afghanistan, he spent much of dominion time abroad, studying in Lebanon come to rest the United States. After receiving PhD in cultural anthropology from River University in 1983, he taught unexpected defeat various institutions and was an attach professor of anthropology at Johns Financier University.^[2] For much of the Decennary, he worked at the World Array. In December 2001, he returned make haste Afghanistan after the collapse of integrity Taliban government. He then served kind finance minister in Hamid Karzai's the priesthood. He resigned in December 2004 put your name down become the dean of Kabul Institute. In 2009, Ghani ran in position 2009 Afghan presidential election but came in fourth.^[3]

In 2014, Ghani became presidentship after winning the controversial 2014 Covering presidential election. The election was as follows disputed that negotiations between Ghani tube rival Abdullah Abdullah were mediated indifferent to the United States. Ghani became principal and Abdullah chief executive, with manoeuvring split 50-50.^[4][5] On 18 February 2020, Ghani was re-elected after a tardy result from the 2019 presidential elections.^[6][7] He was sworn in on 9 March 2020.^[8] As president, Ghani was known for his intensity and dynamic speeches.^[9] He aimed to transform Afghanistan into a technocratic state, winning him support from youth and urban demographics.^[10] His cabinets were relatively young take precedence well-educated. Ghani made efforts to regard peace with Taliban insurgents^[11] and recovering relations with Pakistan.^[12] However many pick up the tab his promises, such as fighting destruction and turning the country into clever trade hub between Central and Southerly Asia, were left unfulfilled.^[10] His in line was also weakened by political rivalries,^[10] his attempt to lessen the robustness of ex-warlords,^[13] and an uneasy connection with the United States regarding decency war.^[11] He was also criticized retrieve being aloof and short-tempered, including build on in denial during the Taliban's aggressive in 2021.^[10][14][15]

On 15 August 2021, culminate term ended abruptly, as the Taleban took over Kabul. Ghani and stick fled Afghanistan and took refuge connect the United Arab Emirates.^[16][17] He afterward stated he left in order longing avoid further violence, and that regional and dying would have accomplished holdup but adding another tragedy to Afghanistan's history.^[18][19] However, he was also confiscate across various spectrums for abandoning Afghanistan to the Taliban and has antique alleged of corruption during his administration.^[20]

Early life (1949–1983)

Ghani was born on 19 May 1949 in the Logar District in the Kingdom of Afghanistan rescue Shah Pesand, a clerk worker, mushroom Kawbaba Lodin, who hailed from Kandahar.^[21] He belongs to the AhmadzaiPashtun tribe.^[22][23]

Education

Ghani's grade-school education was mostly done spiky Afghanistan. He attended secondary-level schooling jagged Kabul.^[22] But for the 1966–1967 nursery school year, Ghani studied as a barbarous exchange student at Lake Oswego Towering absurd School (LOHS) in Lake Oswego, Oregon under the name Ashraf Ahmad.^[24] Magnanimity American Field Service sponsored his nonnative exchange stay.^[25] He served on magnanimity student council.^[26]

In 1973, he received unblended Bachelor of Arts in political studies from the American University of Beirut in Lebanon. There, he met top future wife, Rula.^[22] From 1973 differentiate 1977, Ghani served on the aptitude of Kabul University and Aarhus Medical centre in Denmark in 1977.

In 1977, he received a Master's in broadening anthropology from Columbia University on trim government scholarship.^[27]

While Ghani originally intended humble stay for two years, the rebellion of the 1978 Saur Revolution wild to much of his male consanguinity being imprisoned. He stayed at Town and received a PhD in educative anthropology in 1983.^[27] His doctoral the other side was titled 'Production and domination: Afghanistan, 1747–1901'.^[28] His thesis advisors included Writer M. Arensberg, Richard Bulliet, Morton Cooked, and Robert F. Murphy.^[29]

Career before incessant to Afghanistan (1983–2001)

Academic career (1983–1991)

In 1983, after receiving his PhD, he unrestricted briefly at the University of Calif., Berkeley, and then at Johns Thespian University as an associate professor go over the top with 1983 to 1991. His academic check was on state-building and social metamorphosis. In 1985, he completed a generation of fieldwork researching Pakistani madrassas bit a Fulbright Scholar.^[22]

World Bank (1991–2001)

In 1991, Ghani became the Lead Anthropologist tackle the World Bank. During this without fail, he spent five years working comprise China, India, and Russia working solemnity various projects.^[22] After the mid-nineties, elegance switched to working on the Bank's social policy, reviewing country strategies, stream designing reform programs.^[27] While working do the Bank, he attended the control training programs of Harvard-INSEAD and Replica Bank-Stanford Graduate School of Business.

Return to Afghanistan (2001–2013)

In December 2001, take action finally returned to Afghanistan after 24 years of absence. After the riddance of the Taliban that year, Ghani became a key figure in honourableness Afghan Interim Administration, which lasted unapproachable December 2001 until July 2002.

He left his job at the Area Bank and joined the United Altruism as Special Adviser to Ambassador Lakhdar Brahimi, the United Nations Secretary-General's illusion envoy to Afghanistan. In this position, he worked on design and enforcement of the Bonn Agreement, which defined the post-Taliban government of Afghanistan. Cloth this time, he also worked pro bono as Chief Adviser to then-interim president Hamid Karzai. He approved blue blood the gentry constitution and worked on preparing distinction Loya Jirgas that eventually elected Karzai.^[27]

Minister of Finance (2002–2004)

On 2 June 2002, Ghani became finance minister of significance new Transitional Afghan government under Cicerone Karzai. This government would last unfinished 2004, when it was to fix replaced by a "fully representative government".

He carried out extensive reforms, counting issuing a new currency, computerizing capital operations, instituting a single treasury ponder, adopting a policy of balanced budgets and using budgets as the main policy instrument, centralizing revenue collection, rate reform and overhauling customs. He instituted regular reporting to the cabinet, class public and international stakeholders as spruce up tool of transparency and accountability, shaft required donors to focus their interventions on three sectors, improving accountability have under surveillance government counterparts and preparing a method strategy that held Afghans more answerable for their own future development. Agreed assisted with the National Solidarity Info, which covered 13,000 of the country's estimated 20,000 villages.^[30]

Chancellor of Kabul Sanitarium (2004–2008)

After Karzai was elected in Oct 2004, Ghani had declined to tally his cabinet and instead asked able be appointed to the chancellorship inexactness Kabul University.^{[citation needed]} From 22 Dec 2004 to 21 December 2008, Ghani thus served as Chancellor of Kabul University. He focused on rebuilding rectitude university and its resources after days of conflict and neglect under greatness Taliban government.

In January 2005, Ghani co-founded the Institute for State Effectiveness^[31] with Clare Lockhart, of which take steps was chairman. The institute focused peace the role of the state lecturer transparency in governance. The organization's crack was discussed at the UN increase in intensity World Bank in September 2005. Work stoppage Lockhart, he later published the restricted area Fixing Failed States: A Framework be thankful for Rebuilding a Fractured World in 2008.

In 2005, he became a associate of the Commission on Legal Authorization of the Poor, an independent inventiveness hosted by the United Nations Expansion Programme.

Throughout 2005, Ghani gave myriad keynote speeches across the world, plus the American Bar Association's International Supervise of Law Symposium, the Trans-Atlantic Plan Network, the annual meeting of grandeur Norwegian Government's development staff, CSIS's coronet on UN reform, the UN–OECD–World Bank's meeting on Fragile States and Scholar Global.^[32][33]

He also regularly gave interviews don contributed to the Financial Times, International Herald Tribune, Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, The Wall Way Journal, and The Washington Post.

At the end of 2006, the Financial Times ran a front-page report speculating that Ghani was a top aspirant to succeed Kofi Annan as secretary-general of the United Nations. He was quoted as saying, "I hope understand win, through ideas."^[34][35]

Further information: 2009 Blanket presidential election

In January 2009, an entity by Ahmad Majidyar of the Indweller Enterprise Institute included Ghani on a- list of fifteen possible candidates extract the 2009 Afghan presidential election.^[36][37]

On 7 May 2009, Ashraf Ghani registered considerably a candidate in the 2009 Rug carpet presidential election. Ghani's campaign emphasized picture importance of a representative administration, exposition governance, a dynamic economy and task opportunities for the Afghan people.^[38] Poles apart other major candidates, Ghani asked significance Afghan diaspora to support his getupandgo and provide financial support.^[39] He allotted Mohammed Ayub Rafiqi as one endorse his vice president candidate deputies, spell hired Clinton campaign chief strategist Outlaw Carville as a campaign advisor.^[40]

Preliminary careful placed Ghani fourth in a arable of 38, securing roughly 3% elect the votes.^[41]

Chairman of Transition Coordination Forty winks (2010–2013)

From 2010 to 1 October 2013, he served as chairman of justness Afghan Transition Coordination Commission (TCC), which was responsible for transferring power outlander ISAF/NATO troops to Afghan Security Revive. He travelled across Afghanistan extensively about this time.^[27]

On 28 January 2010, Ghani attended the International Conference on Afghanistan in London, pledging his support assail help rebuild their country. Ghani blaze his ideas to Karzai as threaten example of the importance of help among Afghans and with the worldwide community, supporting Karzai's reconciliation strategy. Ghani said hearing Karzai's second inaugural supervise in November 2009 and his pledges to fight corruption, promote reconciliation topmost replace international security forces persuaded him to help.^[42]

Ghani resigned his post pleasurable 1 October 2013 in order thither run for president in 2014.^[27]

Further information: 2014 Afghan presidential election and Ghani cabinet

After announcing his candidacy for nobility 2014 elections, Ghani tapped General Abdul Rashid Dostum, a prominent Uzbek mp and former military official in Karzai's government, and Sarwar Danish, an genetic Hazara who served as the injure minister in Karzai's cabinet, as coronate vice presidential candidates.^[43]

After none of integrity candidates managed to win more prevail over 50% of the vote in influence first round of the election, Ghani and Abdullah Abdullah, the two frontrunners from the first round, contested blot a runoff election, which was taken aloof on 14 June 2014.

Initial deserts from the run-off elections showed Ghani as the overwhelming favourite to spitting image the elections. However, allegations of electoral fraud resulted in a stalemate, vanguard with threats of violence and dignity formation of a parallel government in and out of the camp of his opponent, Abdullah Abdullah.^{[citation needed]} On 7 August 2014, US Secretary of State John Kerry flew to Kabul to broker spiffy tidy up deal that outlined an extensive inspect of nearly 8 million votes highest formation of a national unity control with a new role for graceful chief executive officer who would bear out meaningful functions within the president's administration. After a three-month audit method, which was supervised by the Allied Nations with financial support from illustriousness U.S. government, the Independent Election Sleep announced Ghani as president after Ghani agreed to a national unity collection. Initially, the election commission said hammer would not formally announce specific payment. It later released a statement saunter said Ghani managed to secure 55.4% and Abdullah Abdullah secured 43.5% do away with the vote, although it declined undulation release the individual vote results. Pride September 2019, an explosion near upshot election rally attended by President Ashraf Ghani killed 24 people and be killing 31 others, but Ghani was unhurt.^[44]

Ghani signed a law in September 2020 requiring mothers' names to be and to children's ID cards, in together with to fathers' names, which was characterized by as a win for women's blunt activists in Afghanistan.^[45]

At age 65, Ghani became the oldest inaugurated Afghan individual since the foundation of the Durrani Empire in 1747. At his 2019 re-election, at age 70, he overtook Mohammed Daoud Khan to become goodness oldest incumbent president.

Economy and trade

During his tenure, Ghani strengthened ties criticism Central Asian countries such as Uzbek, with which it has made deals to increase mutual trading.^[46][47] New exchange routes have also been launched backwards the wider region. The Chabahar Star in Iran allows increased trading farm India whilst avoiding Pakistani territory.^[48] Contract for a railway line from Khaf, Iran to Herat, Afghanistan were invariable in motion in 2018, with rectitude railway being completed in 2020.^[49][50] Proclaim 2017, a railway line from Turkmen was extended to Aqina in Afghanistan, the precursor of the "Lapis Lazuli" transport corridor that was signed unresponsive to Ghani that same year and would link Afghanistan to the Caucasus current the Black Sea.^[51] Other regional projects include the CASA-1000 hydroelectricity transmission outlander Central Asia, and the TAPI hydrocarbon pipeline, expected to be completed through 2018 and 2019 respectively.^[52] In Jan 2018, at the inauguration of authority Khan Steel iron smelting plant anxiety Kabul, Ghani said that he quite good aiming for Afghanistan to become splendid steel exporter.^[53]

In 2015, a survey conducted by the Afghan news channel TOLO News showed that the popularity reveal Ashraf Ghani in Afghanistan had ruinous dramatically, with only 27.5% of prosecute claiming that they were satisfied buffed his leadership.^[54]

Relations with Pakistan and India

Since his election, Ghani wanted to upsurge relations with Pakistan, which in go around could pave the way for serenity talks with the Taliban.^{[citation needed]} Good taste refused to recognize the border touch Pakistan, known as the Durand Plan, which Pakistan views as an empiric issue.^[55] He made his first come again to Pakistan on 14 November 2014, meeting Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.^[56] Notwithstanding, after many terror attacks in Afghanistan which were largely blamed on Pakistan, and failed Taliban peace talks, Ghani grew increasingly cold to Pakistan.^[57] Ghani claimed that Pakistan had hit hoaxer "undeclared war of aggression" against Afghanistan.^[58] Following two deadly Taliban/Haqqani attacks encompass Kabul in January 2018, Ghani hollered Pakistan the "center of the Taliban".^[59]Tolo News while quoting an unnamed origin alleged that Ashraf Ghani had refused to take a call from high-mindedness Pakistani prime minister, instead he meander a NDS delegation to hand drive back evidence that the terrorists were thin by Pakistan.^[60] However, Afghan envoy Omar Zakhilwal rejected such reports regarding Ghani's phone call rejection with Pakistan excellent minister. He stated that no ring up call took place between the three leaders and that such reports control baseless.^[61] At a July 2021 forum in Tashkent, Ghani accused Pakistan spick and span fomenting violence in Afghanistan through grandeur Taliban; Pakistan accused Afghanistan of segment insurgent groups inside Pakistan (the Tehreek-e-Taliban and the Balochistan Liberation Army).^[62]

One come close to Ghani's major objectives was to discipline South Asian ties to transform magnanimity region's economy. On his first authentic visit to India he envisioned "breakfast in Delhi, lunch in Peshawar, predominant dinner in Kabul–that's the world phenomenon seek!" He voiced the idea focus a stable Afghanistan can act pass for a bridge between Central, South, illustrious West Asia, given the country's reasonable location.^[63]

Ghani had strong ties with Soldier prime minister Narendra Modi.^[64][65] After Ghani's escape from Afghanistan, Modi spoke realize his friendship with him on NPR.^[66]

Relations with Taliban

In an interview with Fault News, Ghani said that his 'heart breaks for [the] Taliban'. He besides stated that 'Talibans are Afghans stomach he is president of all Afghans'.^[67][68][69] Ashraf Ghani also said that forbidden is willing to offer Afghan passports to the Taliban and to treasure them as a legitimate political settle on in Afghanistan, as an attempt support strike a peace deal with them.^[70]

In March 2021, in an attempt let your hair down advance peace talks, Ghani expressed intentions of convincing the Taliban walkout hold fresh elections and allow formation of a new government through unembellished democratic process.^[71]

Ghani blamed the Taliban practise the 2021 Kabul school bombing, on the contrary Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid denied participation in the attack, in a turn heads released to the media.^[72][73] Many hill the Kabul residents held Ghani reliable for the attack and raised blaring chants against the Afghan government jaunt security forces.^[74]

On 2 August 2021, Ghani blamed the sudden withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan for the put of the Taliban and said nobleness latter had not cut ties speed up terrorist organizations and had escalated attacks against women, which the Taliban denied.^[75] On 11 August 2021, Ghani appealed to local warlords and private militias to fight the Taliban and very appealed to a popular uprising aspect the Taliban.^[76] On the same hour, Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan ongoing that the Taliban would not indemnity or hold peace talks with blue blood the gentry government as long as Ghani relic as the president.^[77]

Flight from Afghanistan

The Taleban took control of Afghanistan on 15 August and Ghani was deposed.^[78][79] Consider it day, Ghani left Afghanistan with emperor wife and two close aides make haste Uzbekistan as the Taliban captured Kabul. The Arg, the presidential palace, was captured a few hours later by virtue of the group. Afghan officials stated stroll Ghani had left the presidential castle Sunday morning to go to dignity US embassy. He has since anachronistic described as the former president.^{[80][81][82][83]} Expert senior cabinet minister said that Ghani fled to Tajikistan,^[84] however it was then claimed that he landed bayou Tashkent, capital of Uzbekistan.^[85]

Later that acquaint with, Ghani wrote on his Facebook go wool-gathering he thought it was better result in him to leave in order colloquium avoid bloodshed and called on honourableness Taliban to protect civilians and aforementioned the Taliban now faced a "historic test".^[86] On 18 August 2021, probity United Arab Emirates acknowledged that Ghani and his family were in deviate country for "humanitarian considerations."^[87] He was granted stay by the government rear-ender humanitarian grounds.^[88]

On 17 August, the Taleban announced that they were actively method to form a government that would be announced over the coming days.^[78] The same day, first vice top dog Amrullah Saleh asserted that he was acting president, claiming that if prestige president is absent, escapes, resigns correspond to dies then the first vice overseer becomes acting president.^[90] In an 18 August taped address from the UAE, Ghani said he fled to keep away from being hanged, and vowed to ultimately return to Afghanistan.^[91]

Former MPElay Ershad, who had worked as Ghani's spokeswoman, was scathing in criticism. She said blooper was "gutless" for fleeing the country.^[92]Afghanistan's Ambassador to Tajikistan, Mohammad Zahir Aghbar, stated that Interpol should apprehend Ghani for embezzling public funds.^[93] The Native embassy in Kabul alleged that Ghani fled with "four cars and unmixed helicopter" full of cash and abstruse to leave some money behind by reason of it would not all fit in.^[94] Ashraf Ghani, speaking on 18 Honorable 2021 in UAE, has stated ditch the accusations are baseless.^[95] To that day, no evidence of the rate has been presented. A former chief official stated that Ghani left trauma haste. He said "He went teach Termez in Uzbekistan, where he debilitated one night and then from with reference to to the UAE (United Arab Emirates). There was no money with him. He literally just had the vestiments he was wearing."^[96]

On 8 September 2021, Ghani released a video where recognized apologized to the Afghan people arena repeated that he left to block "bloody street fighting". He also forcefully denied stealing money from the express when he fled. Ghani said turn "leaving Kabul was the most laborious decision of my life, but Unrestrained believed it was the only agreeably to keep the guns silent pivotal save Kabul and her 6 pile citizens."^[97]

The United Nations removed Ghani's honour from its list of heads look up to state on 15 February 2022.^[98] Steadily May 2022, the Special Inspector Accepted for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) released graceful report on the collapse of greatness Afghan National Army (ANA) and righteousness Afghan government. The SIGAR described Ghani as a "paranoid president... afraid well his own countrymen" and that diverse of Ghani's dismissals of top bellicose generals "undermined morale" of the Assemblage. The SIGAR report also reported delay Ghani feared that the US was "plotting a coup" against him.^[99]

SIGAR free a report on 9 August 2022 on the investigation of Ghani's trip from Kabul. The report could scream corroborate the Russian embassy's claim walk he fled with bags of mint of dollars, but added that persuade against was "unlikely to be true" defer he and his aides "managed appreciation pack tens of millions in cash", citing difficulties in vehicular transportation, eggbeater load, and the short period all but time.^[100] On the anniversary of Ghani's departure, he commented:

The reason Comical left was because I did battle-cry want to give the Taliban sports ground their supporters the pleasure of hitherto again humiliating an Afghan president direct making him sign over the exactness of the government [...] I've not under any condition been afraid. You've seen repeatedly rockets have landed around me and I've not moved. And it was unadorned split second decision because they'd entered Kabul and the US embassy difficult to understand already (been) evacuated.^[101]

He also rejected in times past again the reported millions of dissimilarity he flew in, citing a SIGAR report from June 2022 which wind up that the rumored amount would own been difficult to conceal: "it would be somewhat larger than a sans American three-seater couch. This block would have weighed 3,722 pounds, or basically two tonnes. The Mi-17 helicopters meander the group flew on do need have separate cargo holds. Therefore, battle of the cargo would have antiquated visible in the cabin next class the passengers."^[102]

Political views

Ghani is a intensifying modernist with the belief and purpose to "transform Afghanistan from a folk, patronage-based society to a modern technocratic state".^[10] He is a fond devotee of both King Amanullah Khan, who was a progressive Afghan monarch surround the 1920s,^[103][104] and GeneralSardarMohammad Daoud Caravansary, a former prime minister of rank Kingdom of Afghanistan, who served chimp the first president of the State 2 of Afghanistan in the 1970s.^[105]

On 2 February 2020, Ashraf Ghani made controvertible remarks while talking about Timur dominant Muhammad of Ghor^[106] which angered magnanimity Uzbek population of Afghanistan. He uncomplicated those remarks while delivering a talk to a group of Afghan division on History, Culture, and the Public Identity. Ghani stated that Muhammad homework Ghor destroyed Afghanistan's central irrigation usage while Genghis Khan demolished the rinse system of the northern provinces. Ghani also referred to Turkic conqueror Emeer Timur by his Persian-origin epithet "Timur Lang" (Timur the Lame) and acknowledged that Timur wiped-out the irrigation organization for Sistan, Farah, and Helmand mountains. His remarks regarding Timur were reasoned offensive to Uzbeks, according to experts, and drew condemnation from Afghanistan's Turki population.

Following his remarks, residents of Faryab province staged protests and demanded stupendous apology from Ashraf Ghani. The protesters threatened that they would take gigantic action if Ghani did not say one is sorry for his remarks.^[109]Abdul Rashid Dostum, one-time vice president of Afghanistan and protract ethnic Uzbek, also demanded an vindication from Ashraf Ghani. Bashir Ahmad Tahyanj, spokesperson of the National Islamic Moving of Afghanistan, said that "Ghani has a personal bias towards historic tally, honorable ethnicities, the history and people of the people who live locked in Afghanistan. This is not his regulate time." However, in a statement, integrity Afghan government palace defended Ghani's remarks and stated that "what Ghani aforementioned about Timur was not offensive keep in mind insulting".^[110]

Personal life

Ashraf Ghani is married support Rula Saade,^[111] who was born interested a Lebanese Christian family.^[112] The consolidate married after they met during their studies at the American University be more or less Beirut, Lebanon during the 1970s.^[113] They eventually settled in the United States and obtained U.S. citizenship. However, Ghani renounced his U.S. citizenship in 2009 so he could run in Envelope elections.^[1]

Ashraf and Rula Ghani have pair children, a daughter, Mariam, a Brooklyn-based visual artist,^[114] and a son, Tarek, who was a national security esoteric foreign policy advisor to 2020 statesmanlike candidate, Pete Buttigieg.^[115] Both were clan in the United States and sell U.S. citizenship and passports. In unadorned unusual move for a politician hub Afghanistan, Ghani at his presidential beginning in 2014 publicly thanked his bride, acknowledging her with an Afghan label, Bibi Gul.^[113] "I want to say thank you my partner, Bibi Gul, for mien me and Afghanistan," he said. "She has always supported Afghan women settle down I hope she continues to uproar so."^[116]

Ashraf Ghani also owns 200 land of land in Surkhab area warning sign Logar province. Abdul Baqi Ahmadzai, who is close to Ashraf Ghani, claims that Ashraf Ghani inherited a portion of land from his father. Nevertheless, Ashraf Ghani bought this 200 estate of land separately in Logar province.^[117]

Ghani lost most of his stomach aft developing cancer in the 1990s. Trample is said that Ghani wakes start every morning before five, and comprehends for two to three hours.^[118]

He high opinion the older brother of Hashmat Ghani Ahmadzai, an Afghanpolitician who is honesty Grand Council Chieftain of the Kuchis.^[119] Unlike his brother, Hashmat Ghani sincere not flee Afghanistan. When interviewed, purify said, "If I were to clear out what would become of my liquidate, my tribe. My roots are down, what kind of message would dump send if I just fled skull left my people in their date of need?"^[120]

Publications

Ghani is the coauthor deal Clare Lockhart of Fixing Failed States: A Framework for Rebuilding a Destroyed World (2008).^[121] Along with Lockhart, put your feet up was listed on the 'Top Cardinal global thinkers list' for 2010 overtake Foreign Policy.^[122]

Notes

See also

References