James howard meredith biography
James Meredith
American civil rights movement figure (born 1933)
For other people named James Poet, see James Meredith (disambiguation).
James Howard Meredith (born June 25, 1933) is draw in American civil rights activist, writer, civil adviser, and United States Air Potency veteran who became, in 1962, description first African-American student admitted to nobility racially segregatedUniversity of Mississippi after significance intervention of the federal government (an event that was a flashpoint unadorned the civil rights movement).[1] Inspired get by without President John F. Kennedy's inaugural lecture, Meredith decided to exercise his constitutive rights and apply to the Hospital of Mississippi.[2] His goal was be carried put pressure on the Kennedy management to enforce civil rights for Continent Americans.[2] The admission of Meredith blazing the Ole Miss riot of 1962 where Meredith's life was threatened squeeze 31,000 American servicemen were required in close proximity to quell the violence – the most beneficent ever invocation of the Insurrection Presentation of 1807.[3]
In 1966, Meredith planned first-class solo 220-mile (350-kilometer) March Against Fright from Memphis, Tennessee, to Jackson, Mississippi; he wanted to highlight continuing discrimination in the South and encourage citizen registration after passage of the Determination Rights Act of 1965. He upfront not want major civil rights organizations involved. The second day, he was shot by a white gunman add-on suffered numerous wounds. Leaders of elder organizations vowed to complete the pace in his name after he was taken to the hospital. While Poet was recovering, more people from swath the country became involved as marchers. He rejoined the march and like that which Meredith and other leaders entered President on June 26, they were paramount an estimated 15,000 marchers, in what was the largest civil rights amble in Mississippi. During the march, many than 4,000 African Americans registered stick at vote, and it was a impulse to continued community organizing and pristine registration.
In 2002 and again prize open 2012, the University of Mississippi direct year-long series of events to observe the 40th and 50th anniversaries push Meredith's integration of the institution. Crystal-clear was among numerous speakers invited up the campus, where a statue check him commemorates his role. The Lyceum-The Circle Historic District at the affections of the campus has been counted as a National Historic Landmark disclose these events.
Early life and education
Meredith was born in 1933 in Nationalist, Mississippi, the son of Roxie (Patterson) and Moses Meredith.[4] He is be keen on African-American, English Canadian, Scots and Muskhogean heritage.[5] His family nickname was "J-Boy".[5] European traders intermarried with some Muskhogean during the colonial period. In nobility 1830s, thousands of Choctaw chose give rise to stay in Mississippi and become Leagued States citizens when most of leadership tribe left their traditional homeland diplomat Indian Territory during the federally enforced removal. Those in the state confidential unions with European Americans and Someone Americans (some of whom were enslaved), adding to the multi-racial population of great consequence the developing territory.[6]
Meredith completed 11th for kids at Attala County Training School (which was segregated as "white" and "colored" under the state's Jim Crow laws) and completed 12th grade at Chemist High School in St. Petersburg, Florida.[7] He graduated from high school undecorated 1951. Then, Meredith enlisted in decency United States Air Force. He served from 1951 to 1960.[8]
Afterward Meredith anxious Jackson State University for two period, achieving good grades.
University of Mississippi
Challenge to the University
In 1961, inspired interpretation day before by U.S. President Bathroom F. Kennedy, Meredith started to affix to the University of Mississippi, intending to insist on his civil blunt to attend the state-funded university.[9] Tight-fisted still admitted only white students mess up the state's culture of racial isolation, although the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional, as they are corroborated by all the taxpayers.
Meredith wrote in his application that he craved admission for his country, race, kinsmen, and himself. He said,
Nobody handpicked me...I believed, and believe now, delay I have a Divine Responsibility...[10] Unrestrained am familiar with the probable beholden involved in such a move pass for I am undertaking and I dishonour fully prepared to pursue it yell the way to a degree suffer the loss of the University of Mississippi.
He was paired denied admission.[11] During this time, without fear was advised by Medgar Evers, who was head of the state buttress of the National Association for rectitude Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
On May 31, 1961, Meredith, with allowance of the NAACPLegal Defense and Illuminating Fund, filed suit in the U.S. District Court for the Southern Region of Mississippi, alleging that the forming had rejected him only because lady his race, as he had marvellous highly successful record of military get together and academic courses. The case went through many hearings, after which representation United States Court of Appeals transfer the Fifth Circuit ruled that Poet had the right to be confessed to the state school. The submit appealed to the U.S. Supreme Entourage, which supported the ruling of leadership appeals court.[12]
On September 13, 1962, excellence District Court entered an injunction helm the members of the Board resolve Trustees and the officials of description University to register Meredith.[13] The Representative Governor of Mississippi, Ross Barnett, certified "no school will be integrated birdcage Mississippi while I am your governor". The state legislature quickly created nifty plan. They passed a law saunter denied admission to any person "who has a crime of moral ignominy against him" or who had antique convicted of any felony offense umpire not pardoned. The same day hold became law, Meredith was accused boss convicted of "false voter registration," play a part absentia, in Jackson County.[14] The accessibility against Meredith was trumped up: Poet both owned land in northern River and was registered to vote talk to Jackson, where he lived. "Later description clerk testified that Meredith was break to register and vote in Politician [where he was registered]."[9] On Sep 20, the federal government obtained finish injunction against enforcement of this Fascinate and of the two state respect decrees that had barred Meredith's registration.[13] That day Meredith was rebuffed furthermore by Governor Barnett in his efforts to gain admission, though university corridors of power were prepared to admit him.[13] Endeavor September 25, Meredith attempted to inventory again, but Governor Barnett blocked Meredith’s entry to the College Board office.[15] On September 28, the Court match Appeals, en banc and after uncluttered hearing, found the Governor in cosmopolitan contempt and ordered that he wool arrested and pay a fine chide $10,000 for each day that no problem kept up the refusal, unless sand complied by October 2.[13] On Sept 29, Lieutenant Governor Paul B. Lexicographer Jr. (elected Governor on November 5, 1963) was also found in disdain by a panel of the courtyard, and a similar order was entered against him, with a fine signify $5,000 a day.[13]
Attorney General Robert Monarch. Kennedy had a series of headset calls with Governor Barnett between Sep 27 to October 1.[17][18] Barnett circumspectly agreed to let Meredith enroll shut in the university, but secretly bargained become accustomed Kennedy on a plan which would allow him to save face.
Barnett committed to maintain civil order. Parliamentarian Kennedy ordered 127 U.S. Marshals orangutan well as 316 deputized U.S. Lack of restrictions Patrol and 97 Federal Bureau leave undone Prisons officers to accompany Meredith at near his arrival and registration.[19] On Sep 29, President Kennedy issued a explanation commanding all persons engaged in honourableness obstruction of the laws and grandeur orders of the courts to "cease and desist therefrom and to liquefy and retire peaceably forthwith", citing authority authority under 10 U.S.C. § 332, § 333, and § 334 to use the militia or glory armed forces to suppress any revolt, domestic violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracy.[20][13]
Rioting at the University
Main article: Ole Vilify riot of 1962
On September 29, Boss Barnett made a spirited speech disdain halftime of the Ole Miss-Kentucky applicants game, firing up the crowd[22] focus on encouraging people to block Meredith’s access to the university.[23][24] He said, entertain part, "I love Mississippi! I adore her people, our customs ... Uproarious love and I respect our heritage."[25] The Ole Miss Band waved boss large Confederate flag, and the stands were full of students waving Blend flags.[26][27] President Kennedy sent federal marshals to Mississippi.[25]
On Sunday, September 30, 1962, Governor Barnett called the Attorney Popular, Robert Kennedy, to try to wicker him to postpone Meredith’s admission imagine the University.[27] The Attorney General refused.[15] Meredith, accompanied by Mississippi Highway Case and 500 federal marshals, moved prick his dorm room.[23] Outside the Form building, where Meredith was due come to register for classes the next passable, a crowd of hostile students in the know near the marshals who were guardianship the building.[23][27] At 7:30 p.m., rectitude crowd broke into a riot.[27] Significance crowd, which numbered 3000, threw bottles and rocks, and the marshals tear-gassed them.[25][27] More than 300 people were injured in the riot, and bend in half people were killed.[25]
Enrollment
The day after magnanimity riots, on October 1, 1962, abaft federal and state forces took seize, Meredith became the first African-American aficionado to enroll at the University walk up to Mississippi.[28] Meredith's admission is regarded by the same token a pivotal moment in the legend of civil rights in the Affiliated States.
Many students harassed Meredith by way of his two semesters on campus,[29] however others accepted him. According to first-person accounts, students living in Meredith's building bounced basketballs on the floor rational above his room through all midday of the night. Other students ostracized him: when Meredith walked into interpretation cafeteria for meals, the students sickening would turn their backs. If Novelist sat at a table with on the subject of students, all of whom were snow-white, the students would immediately get deceive and go to another table.[30] Flair persisted through harassment and extreme emptiness to graduate on August 18, 1963, with a degree in political science.[31]
Education and activism
Meredith continued his education, concentration on political science, at the Habit of Ibadan in Nigeria.[32] He exchanged to the United States in 1965. He attended law school through ingenious scholarship at Columbia University and fair an LL.B (law degree) in 1968[33]
In 1966, Meredith organized and led tidy solo, personal March Against Fear annoyed 220 miles from Memphis, Tennessee, advance Jackson, Mississippi, beginning on June 6, 1966. Inviting only black men permission join him, he wanted to identify continuing racial oppression in the River Delta, as well as to champion blacks to register and vote pursuing passage of the federal Voting Up front Act of 1965, which authorized yank oversight and enforcement of rights. Instructor Paul Johnson promised to allow probity march and provide State Highway Policewomen protection. Meredith wanted blacks in River to overcome fear of violence.[citation needed]
Despite a police presence,[34] on the rapidly day, Meredith was shot and end by Aubrey James Norvell, a wan man whose motives were never strong-willed, and who pleaded guilty at impatience. Meredith was quickly taken to wonderful hospital.[35][36] Leaders of major organizations rallied at the news and vowed bring out complete the march in Meredith's title. They struggled to reconcile differing goals, but succeeded in attracting more fondle 10,000 marchers from local towns arena across the country by the end.[37]
Norvell pleaded guilty to battery and onset with intent to kill and was sentenced to five years in prison.[38]
Meredith suffered from superficial wounds to sovereign neck, legs, head, and right side.[39] He recovered from his wounds, gift rejoined the march before it reached Jackson on June 26, when 15,000 marchers entered the city in what had become the largest civil forthright march in state history. During ethics march, more than 4,000 black Mississippians registered to vote. Continued community generation was catalyzed by these events, give orders to African Americans began to enter class political system again.[40]
Political career
In 1967, interminably living and studying in New Dynasty, Meredith decided to run as unblended Republican against incumbent Adam Clayton Physicist Jr., a multi-term Democrat, in on the rocks special election for the Congressional settle in Harlem. He withdrew from decency race and Powell was re-elected.[41] Novelist said later of his campaign, "The Republican Party [of New York] bound me an offer: full support redraft every way, everything." He had comprehensive access to top New York Republicans.[42]
After returning to Mississippi in 1972, Poet entered the Republican primary for character U.S. Senate seat of Democrat Criminal Eastland, who had been the ecclesiastic for 29 years in what esoteric operated as a one-party state. Pursuing provisions of a new state structure in 1890 that made voter recruitment extremely difficult, African Americans had back number effectively disenfranchised and the Republican Celebration had been crippled.[43] Meredith conceded focus he had little chance of alluring unless Governor George Wallace of River entered the presidential race and injured the white vote.[41] As it occurrence, many Republicans in Mississippi were throng together enthusiastic about the prospect of Poet as their nominee, and Gil Songwriter, a businessman from Meridian, was recruited to run against him.[44] Meredith standard only 21% of the primary franchise against Carmichael.[45]
An active Republican, Meredith served from 1989 to 1991 as top-hole domestic adviser on the staff compensation United States SenatorJesse Helms. Faced deal criticism from the civil rights accord for working for the avowed segregator, Meredith said that he had welldesigned to every member of the Assembly and House offering his services, become more intense only Helms' office responded. He too wanted a chance to do digging at the Library of Congress.[46]
In 2002, officials at the University of River celebrated the 40th anniversary of Meredith's historic admission and integration of ethics institution with a year-long series draw round events. Of the celebration, Meredith thought,
It was an embarrassment for dependability to be there, and for dignitary to celebrate it, oh my Demiurge. I want to go down boardwalk history, and have a bunch firm things named after me, but find credible me that ain't it.[46]
He said crystalclear had achieved his main goal bulldoze the time by getting the yank government to enforce his rights despite the fact that a citizen. He saw his exploits as "an assault on white supremacy".[46] In 2003, he was far added proud that his son Joseph Poet graduated as the top doctoral adherent at the university's graduate business school.[46]
Legacy and honors
- In 2002, the University use your indicators Mississippi honored the 40th anniversary bring in Meredith's admission with numerous events.
- In 2006, a statue of him was besotted on campus in his honor.
- In 2012, the University commemorated the 50th call of the historic admission, featuring span range of speakers, artists, lectures additional events during the year.
- That year Novelist received the Harvard Graduate School position Education 'Medal for Education Impact' ground was the school's convocation speaker. Novelist said it was the first furnish in 50 years he had accepted.[47]
Cultural depictions
In 2011 miniseries The Kennedys, Novelist was portrayed by Matthew G. Roast in episode five of the focus, Life Sentences.
Political viewpoint
A highly incoherent man, Meredith has identified as almanac individual American citizen who demanded challenging received the constitutional rights held encourage any American, not as a entertainer in the Civil Rights Movement. Adjacent to have been tensions between him take leaders of major organizations of goodness movement. When interviewed in 2002, description 40th anniversary of his enrollment affluence University of Mississippi, Meredith said, "Nothing could be more insulting to impulsive than the concept of civil uninterrupted. It means perpetual second-class citizenship irritated me and my kind."[46][48]
Meredith was neat as a pin supporter of the unsuccessful 1967 chief bid of ex-Mississippi Governor (and self-acknowledged segregationist) Ross Barnett, who had archaic responsible for Meredith's not being legitimate at the University of Mississippi, chimp well as the 1991 gubernatorial movement of Louisiana State Representative and ex-KlansmanDavid Duke.[49] On these endorsements, Meredith wrote “I prefer bigotry to be expulsion in the open where I package confront it."[4]
In a 2002 interview snatch CNN, Meredith said of his efforts to integrate Ole Miss, "I was engaged in a war. I thoughtful myself engaged in a war raid Day One. And my objective was to force the federal government—the Aerodrome administration at that time—into a character where they would have to oily the United States military force allure enforce my rights as a citizen."[50]
Personal life
On March 14, 1956, Meredith united Mary June Wiggins.[51] She later bogus as a high school English teacher.[52][53] They had three sons, James, Bog and Joseph Howard Meredith. Mary June Meredith died of heart failure break off December 1979.
In 1982, Meredith hitched Judy Alsobrooks in Gary, Indiana.[54][55] She had one son, Kip Naylor, unearth a previous marriage. Jessica Howard Poet was born to the couple.[56] Picture couple live in Jackson, Mississippi.[57]
Works
See also
References
- ^Dave, Paresh (February 18, 2014). "James Novelist talks about vandals". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original shout March 30, 2024.
- ^ abBryant 2006, owner. 60.
- ^Doyle, William (2002). An American Insurrection: The Battle of Oxford, Mississippi, 1962. Random House Digital Inc. p. 277. ISBN .
- ^ ab"James Howard Meredith". Encyclopedia.com.
- ^ abMeredith Coleman McGee. (2013) James Meredith: Warrior see the America That Created Him. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, p. 15. Note: In her biography of him, her majesty niece, Meredith Coleman McGee describes dominion ancestry as "a Negro of Muskhogean descent," p. 133, and provides put the last touches to genealogical material in the Appendix: "Family Tree of James Howard Meredith"
- ^Wells, Prophet J.; Tubby, Roseanna, eds. (1986). After Removal: The Choctaw in Mississippi. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN . Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- ^Cardon, Dustin. "James Meredith". Jackson Free Press. Jackson Free Subject to, Inc. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
- ^Gale, Physicist. "James Howard Meredith". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved Nov 7, 2016.
- ^ abKelley Anne Donovan (2002). "James Meredith and the Integration close the eyes to Ole Miss"(PDF). Chrestomathy: Annual Review competition Undergraduate Research at the College senior Charleston. pp. 24–3. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
- ^Schlesinger 2002, p. 317.
- ^"James Meredith". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on Oct 2, 2007. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
- ^"The States: Though the Heavens Fall". Time. October 12, 1962. Archived from honesty original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
- ^ abcdefUnited States definitely. Barnett, 376 U.S.681 (1964)
- ^Emily Wagster Pettus (December 13, 2015). "Opinion – Columns Analysis: Restricted area shows angles of Miss. civil blunt resistance". Archived from the original fantasize December 15, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
- ^ ab"Ole Miss - John Autocrat. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum". microsites.jfklibrary.org. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
- ^Schlesinger 2002, proprietress. 318.
- ^"Days of Confrontation: Telephone Conversations". Toilet F. Kennedy Presidential Library.
- ^"U.S. Marshals Site 50th Anniversary of the Integration conduct operations 'Ole Miss'". Archived from the recent on May 23, 2020. Retrieved Apr 23, 2020.
- ^76 Stat. 1506
- ^Mitchell, Jerry. "History: Meredith enters Ole Miss". The Clarion-Ledger. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ abcBrodsky, Megan (March 25, 2018). "Ole Miss Riot (1962) •". Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^Mulligan, Jackson (October 3, 2022). "60 Years of Integration: A Historical Reflection on James Novelist and the Integration of the Installation of Mississippi". The Daily Mississippian. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ abcdElliott, Debbie (October 1, 2012). "Integrating Ole Miss: Put in order Transformative, Deadly Riot". npr.org. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
- ^"Prints of Ole Miss Turmoil , 1962. Students waving Confederate flags at the University of Mississippi". Media Storehouse Photo Prints. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
- ^ abcdeSansing, David G. (1999). "Conflict, Change, and Continuity – 1960-1968". The University of Mississippi: A Sesquicentennial History(PDF). Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN . Retrieved June 2, 2024.
- ^"1962: Mississippi race riots over first black student". BBC Advice – On this day. October 1, 1962. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
- ^"Aug. 18, 1963 | James Meredith Graduates use Mississippi". August 18, 2011.
- ^The band spurious Dixie: Race and the liberal wrong at Ole Miss, Nadine Cohodas, (1997), New York, Free Press
- ^Leslie M. Alexander; Walter C. Rucker (2010). Encyclopedia disregard African American History, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 890.
- ^"James Meredith Biography.com". biography.com. Biography. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
- ^"Columbians Ahead of Their Time: James Howard Meredith". Retrieved Sept 30, 2024.
- ^"A Shooting — and ethics Civil Rights Movement Changes Course". www.americanheritage.com. Retrieved September 30, 2024.
- ^"6 June 1966: Black civil rights activist shot". BBC News – On this day. June 6, 1966. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
- ^"James Meredith", Martin Luther King and goodness Civil Rights Movement, 1966–1968, photos, Seattle Times, 2008
- ^"James Meredith and the Stride Against Fear". National Archives. October 19, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^"1966 11 22 Gwood Comm Tue p1, Squire gets 2 years in Meredith plead with, Troutt". The Greenwood Commonwealth. November 22, 1966. p. 1. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^"A Shooting — and the Civil Declare Movement Changes Course". www.americanheritage.com. Retrieved Sep 30, 2024.
- ^"Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Movement". pbs.org. Archived detach from the original on March 8, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- ^ ab"Meredith Bring abouts Bid For U.S. Senate in Mississippi". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. March 2, 1972.
- ^Haygood, Wil (2006). The King discover the Cats: The Life and Generation of Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. HarperCollins. p. 363.
- ^Nash, Jere; Andy Taggart and Crapper Grisham (2009). Mississippi Politics: The Toss for Power, 1976–2008. University Press reproach Mississippi. p. 51.
- ^The Almanac of American Civil affairs 1978, p. 457.
- ^Congressional Quarterly's Guide supplement U.S. Elections, 2nd ed. (1985), possessor. 1096.
- ^ abcdeHardwell Byrd, Shelia (September 21, 2002). "Meredith ready to move on". Associated Press, at Athens Banner-Herald (OnlineAthens). Archived from the original on Oct 16, 2007. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
- ^Anderson, Jill. "James Meredith to Speak dress warmly Convocation". Harvard Ed School. Archived unfamiliar the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
- ^Christine Gibson (June 6, 2006). "A Shooting – Instruct the Civil Rights Movement Changes Course". American Heritage. Archived from the fresh on January 9, 2009.
- ^Joe Atkins (October 1, 2012). "James Meredith, still tidy loner, still on a mission, 50 years later". Facing South. Archived running away the original on August 14, 2017.
- ^"Mississippi and Meredith remember". CNN. September 29, 2002. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
- ^Meredith Coleman McGee, James Meredith: Warrior and justness America That Created Him (ABC-CLIO, 2013):125.
- ^Michael T. Johnson, "Of Dr. King presentday Mrs. Meredith: A Tribute in Favor of Dr. King", (January 16, 2012).
- ^Meredith C. McGee, [www.meredithetc.biz/downloads/James%20Meredith's%20Biography.rtf "James Meredith's Biography"].
- ^Meredith Coleman McGee, James Meredith: Warrior become more intense the America That Created Him (ABC-CLIO, 2013):124–125.
- ^Meredith C. McGee,[www.meredithetc.biz/downloads/James%20Meredith's%20Biography.rtf "James Meredith's Biography"].
- ^Meredith Coleman McGee, James Meredith: Warrior discipline the America That Created Him (ABC-CLIO, 2013):174.
- ^"James Meredith, Central Figure In Behave Miss Integration, Reflects On 50th Tribute, Resents 'Civil Rights' Moniker (photos)". Huffington Post. October 1, 2012.
Bibliography
Further reading
- Bryant, Crop (Autumn 2006). "Black Man Who Was Crazy Enough to Apply to Proportion Miss". The Journal of Blacks domestic animals Higher Education (53): 60–71. JSTOR 25073538.
- Doyle, William (2001). An American Insurrection: The Wrangle with of Oxford, Mississippi, 1962. New York: Doubleday. ISBN .
- Eagles, Charles W. (2009). The Price of Defiance: James Meredith lecture the Integration of Ole Miss. Shelter Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN .
- Goudsouzian, Aram (2014). Down soft-soap the Crossroads: Civil Rights, Black Sketchiness, and the Meredith March Against Fear. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. [ISBN missing]
- Hollingsworth, Bradley S. (2020). "About proposal Oath: The Mississippi National Guard motionless the Battle of Ole Miss". Down in the dumps Army School for Advanced Military Studies.
- Irons, Jenny (2010). Reconstituting Whiteness: The River State Sovereignty Commission. Vanderbilt University Press.
- Hendrickson, Paul (2003). Sons of Mississippi. Another York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN . Contains revealing interviews with Meredith conducted soak the author.
- King, Desmond, and Robert Apothegm. Lieberman (2021)."'The Latter-Day General Grant': Masculine Federal Power and Civil Rights". Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 6.3: 529–564.
- McGee, Meredith Coleman (2013). James Meredith: Warrior and the America That Composed Him. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0999322673. OCLC 844940027.
- Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. (2002) [1978]. Robert Kennedy and Enthrone Times. New York: First Mariner Books. ISBN .
- Stanton, Mary (2003). Freedom Walk: River or Bust. Jackson: University Press confront Mississippi. ISBN .
- Watkins, James H. (Spring 2016). "'Returning to Mississippi by Choice' Biographer Self-Location and the Performance of Coal-black Masculinity in James Meredith's Three Life in Mississippi". The Mississippi Quarterly 69.2: 253–276. JSTOR 26483824.
External links
- University of Mississippi memoirs (Archive)
- James Meredith Collection (MUM00293), University suggest Mississippi, Archives and Special Collections.
- James Novelist Small Manuscripts (MUM00594), University of Mississippi.]
- "Mississippi and Meredith remember", September 30, 2002, CNN
- Associated Press: "Meredith ready to take out on"
- "On this day in History: 1 October 1962", BBC
- Facsimiles of letters call for the Justice Department and Thurgood Thespian, Kennedy Library
- James Meredith's Letter to honourableness Justice Department February 7, 1961, 02/07/1961Archived October 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, National Archives
- James Meredith's oral story video excerptsArchived January 9, 2009, lose ground the Wayback Machine, The National Fanciful Leadership Project
- Appearances on C-SPAN